The Universe is a Superorganism of 2 fractal motions: |-space&O-time broken in ∞ |-energic fields/bodies+O-informative heads/particles that ‘∑exi=st’ as balanced organisms of energy and information, exi, which create stable space-time fields, st.
Bites of energy, pieces of vital space and bits of information carried in the frequency of time cycles are the two primary elements of the Universe.
All what we see is form, information being created and destroyed, transformed in other forms in action, in-form-ations, forms with motion, with energy. So all comes to this: forms and motion. This philosophical conclusion predates any other idea of science and it is called hylomorphism or duality in the western tradition, Taoism and the duality of Shiva, the God of energy and Vishnu, the creative God of form.
In the Western tradition physicists express it with a formula: Force = Mass x Acceleration. The Universe is composed of forms, masses and motions, accelerations. The first have cyclical form, the second motion. And both together carry the momentum, the essence of reality.
The particle and the force. but it turns out that the particle, the mass or the charge is a vortex, a frequency of information, a cyclical acceleration, according to Einstein’s principle of equialence between mass and acceleration and our reent pictures of an ever vibrating world of charges and masses, mere cycles, whirls of space-time.
And so the Universe is a game of O and |, energetic lines of motion that expand, extend space, and cyclicla vortices, masses and charges that sink in it.
We call energy or entropy the line and form, information, particle,clock of time, the cycle.
And we say as Einstein said that time bends energy, space, into cycles. Their properties and morphologies are opposed. But for that reason, they can form “complementary” systems, which merge the properties and dimensions of both “formal motions,” enhancing the survival capacities of any system that combines in a balanced manner energy and form, E×I=K. In physical systems, all is made of lineal forces of expansive energy and cyclical particles of implosive information that create balanced present space-times. In the left graph, we see the canonical forms of lineal energy and cyclical time clocks and how an informative, electric cycle supported in a magnetic surface of space creates a complementary wave: a ray of light.
It is the ternary game of the Universe and its three dimensions of space and time.
Unlike other webs dedicated to the study of the Fractal Universe only with the tools of geometry and topology, this web is more interested in expanding the logical and philosophical implications of a Fractal Universe of self-generative patterns=cycles of information.
The science of Complexity study the generation of information in the Universe. We have learned that information is generated with the same abundance that energy and in fact, we should be expanding the Principle of Conservation of Energy to include the principle of Conservation of Information.
This simple yet fundamental law of science becomes now expanded both in its logical and mathematical formulation:
‘The Universe constantly transforms back and forth energy into information: E<=>I’
Thus there is not only a Principle or arrow of energy also called entropy that constantly expands, creates space and accelerates the motions of space, but also an arrow or principle of information that constantly implodes, creates form, in/form/ation.
And those 2 inverse motions in their eternal transformations into each other create the reality you observe.
Look around yourself, all what exists is a combination of those 2 motions.
The realization that the Universe is made of motions not of fixed objects comes through many avenues. Perhaps the simplest one is physics.
We know in physics that the Universe is made of forces, defined by Newton as f=m x a, where force eqals mass and lineal acceleartion. Lineal acceleration is the equivalent of modern space that expands, increases its spatial distance, but mass, what is mass?
Till Einstein we didn’t know it. Then Einstein formulated the Principle of equivalence between a mass and the other type of acceleration, cyclical, rotational acceleration, proclaiming that a ‘mass is a whirl of space-time’.
This still controverted concept of mass, sponsored by Nobel Prize Wilczek that considers masses frequencies of space-time whirls explains its attraction as that of a whirl of water or air: the closest to the center the fastest it rotates, the more frequency of information a mass or charge has.
Now imagine a Universe of vortices of masses and charges, clocks of time, clocks that carry information in several dimensions and a world of energies of lineal motions; f= m x a, and imagine you can build with those 2 eternal motions of energy and information, forces and masses/charges, infinite other curves and motions.
That is the Universe we want to describe here: a Universe of infinite informative cycles and energetic lines that transform into each other in all the systems we perceive in the Universe.
And to do so we have to start with mathematics and physics, with the simples lines and cycles but then also discover how, what kind of logic program of combination of lines and cycles can create the complex lines/bodies aned cycles/heads of the human being.
And that is where the logic of fracrtals appears. because what matters truly to explain theprogram of the Unvierse is a qualit called self-similarity, that allows the reproduction of similar forms and its organization into higher sclaes of forms.
Lines and cycles, the ‘minimal strings’ of physicists’ theories of the total Universe are thus the first bricks the first motions.
And then there is a program, an organic program that allows certain cycles and combinations of those motions and creates the complexit f teh Universe. It is an evolutive program of lines and cycles of geometry if you want, but also of organic constructs of an intelligent design, not caused as that promoted by biologists in US by a personal god, but rather a methamtical algorhyrm.
In complexty sciences we study both andin this web we want to introduce, both the motions and the program of evolution of those mtions that creates the life of the Universe.
In the graph, the Universe is made of three arrows of time: the expansive line of entropy or energy, the cyclical implosive clock of information, and its combination, the wave of space-time.
This simple concept is incredibly rich and powerful to describe the events and forms of the Universe. Till now, we have stressed the duality of implosive cyclical clocks of information and explosive lineal flows of energy. We shall now introduce its real combinations, the four-dimensional waves of energy—which according to the principle of complementarity create reality by combining spatial, entropic arrows of energy, bodies, and fields—and informative, implosive cycles of information, masses, and charges in physical spaces, heads in biological systems.
The key advance of complex physics and duality is the introduction of information, the arrow of fractal form in the creative processes of the Universe. How this arrow of form interacts with the arrow of energy to form wavelike, balanced “ternary beings” of “present” is the key element to go further in our analysis of any entity of reality.
This interaction takes place according to the paradox of Galileo either in
-a dynamic “temporal” way, as a series of causal events that transform energy into information from past to future or information into energy from future to past, or combine both in waves of present, or in
- a spatial, geometrical way, as a game of two geometries, the line of energy and the cycle of information, which combine to form complementary systems, informative particles with energetic fields (physics) or informative heads with energetic limbs (biology). And again, only complementary forms that exist by combining “bidimensional energy” and “bidimensional information” are real, four-dimensional entities.
We call this fundamental game that combines energy and form, creating dimensional beings in space and causal chains of events in time and explains most of the events and entities of the Universe the inverse complementarity of space and time.
In chapter 5, we shall go deeper in the analysis of that complementarity from the perspective of time and causality. Here, we are more interested in a more classic, physical interpretation from the perspective of geometry and space.
Let us then consider first that duality in space as a geometrical game since all the processes that will take place at CERN will be dual processes in which energetic forces and cyclical particles will be created and destroyed. Yet CERN cannot understand those processes with their outdated models of an energy-only Universe.
In that regard, the main logic principle of the scientific method defined by Aristotle is called hylomorphism, or duality, which, simply stated, says that anything real has both—a substance or energy and a form or information. It opposes both “informative-only theories” (Pythagorism, the idea that a mathematical equation is truth per se) and “energetic-only theories” (quantum entropy and quantum cosmology) of reality.
Hylomorphism is at the heart of the scientific method since its inception. In a static vision of reality, it means all particles need a reproductive body to exist, all informative heads need a body. Galileo already said that the language of truth is the geometry of lines and cycles, a sentence ill translated later into the concept that mathematics is the only language of God. What he meant is that the Universe is a game of cycles of information and lines of energy—the “vortices and res extensa” of Descartes.
Cyclical, moving time clocks or fixed information on one hand and lineal, moving energy or fixed space on the other are synonymous. In the graph, this duality is due to the paradox of Galileo that makes us perceive sometimes energy in motion and sometimes fixed space, sometimes fixed forms of information and sometimes moving clocks of time, forms in action.
The graph explains a law of modern physics, the holographic principle, which states that information is bidimensional. Indeed, information, as this page or screen, has two dimensions, height and width, while energy has also two dimensions, length and width. Both together merge to create the four-dimensional fields of the real Universe in which the interaction of “high information” and “long, moving energy” creates the three dimensions of classic Euclidean space and a fourth dimension of motion and rhythm.
Because the Universe is fractal, those dimensions are local for each species. It is what Einstein called the diffeomorphic principle.
In the graph, we draw the ideal cycle of time traced by a rotating particle, which leaves behind a fixed ideal form of information: a disk that establishes a discontinuity between its inner vital space and the external Universe. And we draw the ideal movement of energy, which traces a line that might reproduce laterally, becoming a plane or wave of space, since the most natural form of moving energy is a triangular plane. Thus, most organic spaces and limbs of energy are triangular, planar, bidimensional forms that fluctuate in their width and length. For that reason, energy is expelled in triangular flows through a rocket while energetic systems move, forming triangles called steps, as human legs do.
The main parameters of a cycle or bit of temporal information are frequency and cyclical height. Those cycles combine in knots of cyclical frequencies that give origin to an immense number of different temporal species: Σ time cycles = informative being.Height as a dimension of information also means that as time passes information increases, so does the height of any systems. For example, life systems evolved from “planarian worms” to tall men as the information of life systems increased. Matter evolves from bidimensional vortices of mass into quark Einstein-Bose condensates, which as we shall see have a dimension of height. So dimensions are local, fractal, created by the arrow of “fractal information” and have a function. In the appendix, we shall consider according to that holographic principle the processes of creation and destruction of dimensions in the physical universe. Consider a simple example: you can warp this bidimensional page and get a third height dimension with a lot of “fractal lines of form”; you are creating both, a new dimension and information.
On the other hand, lineal bytes of amorphous, moving energy aggregate into planes of bidimensional space, adding its dimension of width: Σe=S.
In Euclidean geometry, a point has no volume, no dimension; but string theorists say that even the smallest points of the Universe, cyclical strings, have inner dimensions, which we can observe when we come closer to them. That is the essence of a fractal point. This fact is essential to understand logically the meaning of bidimensionality and the holographic principle that states that physical information is bidimensional. In Euclidean mathematics, to consider that there are two dimensions of energy and two dimensions of information is absurd unless we accept that each point of the Universe has a minimal volume. So a bidimensional plane, as a galaxy or the Universe at large is and as this screen or paper sheet is, seems totally plane without any thickness till we come closer to it. Then we realize that a page is a network of non-Euclidean points that will therefore have
- a minimal width given by the height of each point and
- a discontinuous zone of “dark space-time” not perceived or connected by the network of points.
It is important to understand bidimensionality in terms of non-Euclidean geometry. That is, each point of a bidimensional sheet of information, including this page or screen, has, when observed in close range, certain height or internal dimensions. This fact explains why certain mathematical objects, like strings, seem to have 3 × 3 dimensions (those are the internal dimensions of the string, when seeing in close proximity as a fractal point of a lower scale of form). So the complex topologies of the Universe can be reduced once we understand its non-Euclidean fractal and dual structure, as Galileo put it, to a game of cycles (of information) and lines (of energy)”, which in physics are called forces and particles. In simple terms, dimensions are the perceptions of lineal energies and cyclical clocks of time, as “fixed” information and space. Those motions, perceived as “fixed” shapes by the eye, create the sensation of space, which Einstein rightly defined as follows:
Space is motion relative to a simultaneous frame of reference.
Thus, spatial energy is lineal, moving energy, creating surfaces of space with its movement that we see fixed, as fixed pictures of lines of moving cars seem to elongate space. Thus, space and distance are two ways of perceiving a volume of energy. It also means that the space we see is the “light membrane.” We see light-space. And so what we see are exactly the three perpendicular Euclidean dimensions of the energetic fields of light: height is the electric field, width the magnetic field, and length the reproductive c-speed of light. It also follows that our light world cannot go faster than light, which is a tautology since it is made of light.
We are all fractal pieces of light space-time, which evolved into complex forms of in/form/ation. We are made of evolved light-space.
God doesn’t play dices but is a painter in four dimensions, two of energy, a plane of lineal motions, and two of information, cyclical motions, whose bites and bits combine to create all the fractal organisms of reality, all the shapes you see, from the informative particles of physical space to the cyclical, neuronal path/thoughts of your spherical head.
Because a clock of information is a cycle, it has two dimensions, height and rhythm, as it happens to the screen or page of a book where you read this text. So height becomes a dimension of information and the Universe becomes a game of two bidimensional type of entities: planes of energy and cycles of information with height. This is obvious; your head of information, an antenna, and any informative system is on top of your energy body. Because the Universe is fractal, each entity is a piece of bits and bites of energy and information and so the relative height of each species is local. This is called in relativity the diffeomorphic principle.
What matters is that now we can understand how energy becomes information, how geometrical space and clocks of time combine. In Galilean physics, when time was lineal, not a cyclical clock of information, it could not be transformed into space. Energy and information could not be transformed into each other, as only things with the same number of dimensions can be transformed into each other. So now we rewrite the energetic principle of physics as
energy never dies but constantly trans/forms itself into in/form/ation and vice versa.
The beauty of the fractal paradigm resides in the fact that physical energy and information are only the first bricks of an ever more complex, evolving Universe, created by chains of information cycles, which are all the time exchanging energy flows, back and forth, through smaller fractal particles or organizing themselves into bigger wholes. Let us consider the properties of those three elements: energy (limbs, fields): information (particles, heads); and its combination (bodies, waves) and some of its species in different scales of reality so you grasp the essential self-similarity of it all, which means physics is not the Saint Grail of science but merely the description of the simplest cycles and lines of energy and information:
future clocks of temporal information -> present waves <- past, energetic space
Form: Time, Function: Information §:Space-time: Exi=st Form: Space, Function: energy
Mass, charge, vortex §:Waves Force, field, plane of energetic space
Small, still §-Rhythmic Large, moving fast
Tall, Perpendicular, §-Elliptic Long, Parallel
Bidimensional: Height, Width §:3-D +1 Beat 2-D: Length, Width
Cyclical, Rotational, imploding §-Steady state Lineal, uncoiling, exploding
Informative, Frequency §-Transversal wave Lineal Speed
Singular, Broken, Fractal form § Continuous, amorphous, differentiable
Intelligent, perceptive §-Beautiful Strong, fast, masculine.
Social networks, creative §-Dual, organic Darwinian herds, destructive.
Future, evolved predator §-Present Past, energetic victim
Life arrow § -Reproduction Death arrow.
Waves of space § Particles of Time
Female, yin principle §-Gay Male, yang principle
Masses, charges § Forces, fields
O-Heads §-Bodies I- Limbs.
Blue, Black Green, Gray Red, White
Energetic space and informative time are opposite in form and function, but they easily transform into each other in iterative=reproductive processes that give origin to the complementary forms of the Universe, as all what exists is indeed made of fractal, extended, spatial energies and bits of informative, cyclical, imploding information.
The two states of reality, energetic space and informative clocks of time, are in fact lineal planes and cyclical forms in movement that combine together, creating 4-D space-time fields of temporal energy, like the light wave that illustrates the previous graph, made of a bidimensional, lineal field of magnetic energy over which a perpendicular high-electric field of information moves rhythmically in cyclical waves. Height is a dimension of time because the repetition of time cycles accumulates in the dimension of height. Informative bits accumulate in “hyperbolic” topologies that wrinkle and create the height of any space-time field as a whole entity made of cyclical parts: cells accumulate as bits of information and a child grows; cycles accumulate in a hurricane that grows in height; life species evolve from planarians, simple energetic systems, into human beings and informative species of maximal height.1 Einstein’s curved space-time cycles bend the energy of vacuum into vortices of masses that accumulate in height, creating a black hole, and so on. Thus, height is the dimension that accumulates information in evolving process, erased in the inverse events of biological death or transformation of mass into energy E=mc2.
So the essence of a dynamic, physical space-time field is the combination and transformation of bidimensional, high in-form-ation into bidimensional, flat scales of energy. When both fields merge, they create a real three-dimensional wave form, which adds a fourth dimension of frequency or rhythm, as in a ray of light, the simplest space-time field, made of two perpendicular planes: one of electric information with the dimension of height and frequency, and one of magnetic energy, with the dimension of width and speed. Yet since light is the space we use to construct our space-time mind-vision of the Universe, for that reason, Euclidean/Cartesian coordinates show the same three perpendicular dimensions of light.
In the realm of physics, one of the main proofs of such bidimensionality and the properties of information described before is the fact that it is the only explanation we have of a recently discovered phenomenon that the holographic principle says information is bidimensional and the discovery that when we become smaller back into the quantum world, dimensions diminish into two dimensions 1:
- The holographic principle, a key element of modern physics, says information in the Universe is bidimensional. Even human beings create three dimensionalities, combining two dimensions of form perceived by each eye. Indeed, two dimensions of time-information and two dimensions of space-energy combine in all beings to create all systems of reality.
- Fractal relativists have recently obtained our macrocosmic space-time, departing from two-dimensional entities in the quantum world 1. Thus, there are no more than four dimensions in the Universe. This is logic; when we go from small to bigger, we grow in dimensions. Quantum physicists who ignore logic principles pretend that the small strings have more dimensions up to ten. This is ridiculous. It is a logic paradox. The small is smaller because it has fewer dimensions. Now a group of fractal theorists have proved it with a method called causal triangulation. Another group has studied black holes as fractals of bidimensional vortices, quark masses, advancing the concept of mass as a bidimensional vortex of information. What this means unfortunately is that CERN will do quark—black holes “certainly”—that they will not evaporate as quarks do not evaporate and they will devour the Earth.
What truly matters however of the dimensional and geometric analysis we have done of energy/entropy/expansive motion and information/implosive motion/cyclical form is to understand its complementarity and combinations as four-dimensional waves of reality since pure information and pure energy are “dead” ends, and what truly matters is to generate balanced combinations of both.
A fact that we represent with the “generator equation” of fractal space-times is
Eó Ti (dynamic motion) or ExTi=K (static motion)
which expresses the principle of conservation of energy and information and becomes therefore the fundamental equation of the fractal Universe since all that exists requires both—energetic limbs/forces and informative cycles/heads to become a real four-dimensional being of the Universe. Those restraints which physicists often forget are indeed a key guide to consider which beings are stable and exist and which beings are unstable fantasies that do not follow the laws of balance and harmony of reality.
Complexity
The next century will be of complexity. S. Hawking
In the graph, several experimental proofs of the fractal organic structure of all beings of reality: On the left, the Sloan fractal map of galaxies and its comparison with a neuronal cell; on the middle, an ice fractal, a plant and a river; on the right, a cluster of galaxies and a lung. Fractal and non-Euclidean mathematics have evolved our understanding of information in topological terms, defining a new arrow of time, fractal information, which all structures of nature constantly reproduce over a canvas of simpler, energetic motions. Time bends space into masses, said Einstein. Time evolves form, said Darwin. We can mathematize those processes through self-reproductive fractal equations that iterate a certain form of nature—an ice geometry, a DNA code, a cellular structure, a physical particle. This revolution is opening science to an organic understanding of reality, which renders CERN’s attempt to prove false energy-only theories obsolete. Since the Universe is a “fractal of energy and information, made of self-similar parts, which constantly reproduce their forms.” Indeed, from the simplest particles, quarks, and electron, which absorb energy and reproduce new particles to the most complex informative species, human beings, reality is made of bits of information and bytes of energy, evolved in complex, social networks through fractal scales, from atoms to molecules, to cells to organisms, planets and galaxies.
1. Experimental Proof of the Fractal Structure of the Universe
In the previous graph we showed some experimental proofs of the fractal Universe. Each photograph is a fractal structure, taken from different sciences that study different entities of nature since each part of the Universe has a fractal structure, and so does the Universe at large, made of all those fractal parts.
In March 2007, after Pietronero, an Italian astrophysicist, showed the fractal nature of the Universe, tabulating an enormous number of galaxies, whose distribution was fractal, the magazine New Scientist1 published an article on the theme, confronting Mr. Pietronero and Mr. Hogg, a quantum physicist from the previous outdated probabilistic, mechanist, quantum paradigm:
“The universe is not a fractal,” Hogg insists, “and if it were a fractal, it would create many more problems than we currently have.” A universe patterned by fractals would throw all of cosmology out the window. The big bang would be tossed first, and the expansion of the universe following closely behind.
Hoggs’s team feels that until there’s a theory to explain why the galaxy clustering is fractal, there’s no point in taking it seriously. “My view is that there’s no reason to even contemplate a fractal structure for the universe until there is a physical fractal model,” says Hogg. “Until there’s an inhomogeneous fractal model to test, it’s like tilting at windmills.”
Pietronero is equally insistent. “This is fact,” he says. “It’s not a theory.” He says he is interested only in what he sees in the data and argues that the galaxies are fractal regardless of whether someone can explain why.
As it turns out, there is a model that may be able to explain a fractal universe. The work of a little-known French astrophysicist named Laurent Nottale, the theory is called scale relativity. According to Nottale, the distribution of matter in the universe is fractal because space-time itself is fractal. It is a theory on the fringe, but if the universe does turn out to be fractal, more people might sit up and take notice.
A resolution to the fractal debate will only come with more data. Sloan is currently charting more galaxies and will release a new map in the middle of 2008.
Of course, the Sloan 2008 showed the Universe is a fractal.2
This should have been big news all over the world. But that means, as Hogg recognizes, that we have to throw to the trash the big bang and the expansion of the Universe, accept the fractal informative structure of reality, and close down some big projects of science, such as the large hadron collider, which will merely cause a planetary big bang, very different from the birth of the entire Universe.
Indeed, in the fractal paradigm, the Universe is infinite and the big bang is not the birth of all realities, but any local big bang and big crunch dual process, any explosion that splits the physical energy and information of a complex system, in any of the multiple scales of physical reality; in the case essayed at CERN, the informative inner quarks of Earth’s atoms, crunched into a quark star, and the external electroweak cover, exploded into a big bang.
Let us then prove the fractal paradigm, the true evolution of cosmology, with the three legs of the scientific method: experimental proofs, logic consistency, and mathematical accuracy.
2. Logic Consistency: The Infinite, Hierarchical Universe
A good description of the fractal universe and its logic principles is this text from the Web by Mr. Oldershaw from Amherst University:3
With regard to cosmology, we live at a very privileged time. When we read about exciting and revolutionary paradigm changes, in which our most fundamental ideas about nature undergo radical revisions, the drama usually has taken place well before we were born. Today, however, we have the rare opportunity of witnessing at first hand a profound transformation in our understanding of how the Universe is structured. This ongoing change of cosmological paradigms from a “small” finite cosmos to an infinite fractal cosmos began about two decades ago and is in full swing at present. The short version of what is happening goes like this. For about 50 years the Big Bang model of the Universe has provided an excellent explanation for the basic cosmological observations: a very large-scale expansion, an approximately uniform background of microwave radiation and a unique set of abundances for the atomic elements. However, there were some technical problems with this model, such as an a causal beginning of space-time, a lack of magnetic monopoles, an unexpectedly high degree of uniformity, and an enigmatic knife-edge balance between the open and closed states.
Then in the early 1980s Alan Guth4 showed how these and other problems with the Big Bang model could be solved in one fell swoop with the Inflationary Scenario. But, an ironic thing has happened. Although the Inflationary Scenario was developed to rescue the Big Bang model, the most logical consequence of pursuing the concept of Inflation is the replacement the Big Bang paradigm with a much grander and more encompassing paradigm. According to Guth and a growing number of leading cosmologists, the most natural version of Inflation theory is Eternal Inflation in which Inflation is, was and always will be occurring on an infinite number of size scales. The new paradigm that cosmologists have arrived at by several routes is an infinite fractal hierarchy that has “universes” within “universes” without end. The astronomer Carl Sagan once referred to the general idea of an infinite fractal universe as “strange, haunting, evocative—one of the most exquisite conjectures in science or religion.”
That is the basic story, but because of the profound changes the fractal paradigm will have on our understanding of the Universe and the place of humans within that Universe, it is important to explore the implications of this new vision. Firstly, there is no edge or boundary of the Universe; space is infinite in all directions. What we used to refer to as “The Universe” can be more appropriately called the “observable universe” (note the small “u”) or the “Hubble Volume,” and it is only a tiny part of what one might call our “metagalaxy” or “level 1 universe”. We currently have no way of determining the size of our metagalaxy or the number of galaxies it contains, but we could reasonably assume that both figures would be vastly beyond anything previously contemplated.
There would be an infinite number of these level 1 universes, and on an unimaginably large scale they too would be organized into level 2 universes, and so on without limit.
Secondly, time is also infinite in the unbounded Organic universe. Whereas our Hubble Volume may have come into being and began to expand approximately 13.7 billion years ago, the Universe has always existed and always will. Parts of the Universe may be created or annihilated, may undergo expansion or contraction, but the infinite fractal hierarchy remains unchanged overall, and thus is without any temporal limits.
Thirdly, there is no limit to size scales. In the infinite fractal paradigm there is no class of largest objects that would cap off the cosmological hierarchy; the hierarchy is infinite in scale.
This fact removes one of the more suspect aspects of the old paradigm. Natural philosophers had long noted the unusual fact that within the Big Bang paradigm humans found themselves roughly in the middle of nature’s hierarchy of size scales. This anthropocentric state of affairs seemed to violate the Copernican concept that when humans appear to be at the center of the cosmos, we should suspect that a bias is leading us astray. In an infinite fractal hierarchy there is no center of the Universe, nor any preferred reference frame.
Some interesting questions immediately arise. Why are fractal hierarchies so ubiquitous in nature? By studying empirical phenomena within the observable universe, how much will we be able to learn scientifically about the parts of the Universe that lie beyond our observational limits? Does the infinite cosmological hierarchy have a bottom-most scale of sub-atomic particles as is currently thought, or is this another artificial limit to an infinite Organic universe that actually extends without limits to ever smaller scales?
Centuries ago Immanuel Kant, J.H. Lambert and a few others proposed an infinite hierarchical model of nature based largely on natural philosophy arguments. This general hierarchical paradigm never garnered a large following, but it was kept alive by numerous rediscoveries. In the 1800s and 1900s quite a few scientists, including E.E. Fournier d’Albe, F. Selety, C.V.L. Charlier and G. de Vaucouleurs, argued for hierarchical cosmological models based on the hierarchical organization within the observable universe. Then toward the end of the 1970s, the mathematician B. B. Mandelbrot5 gave the hierarchical paradigm new life and widespread exposure by developing the mathematics of fractal geometry and demonstrating that fractal phenomena based on hierarchical self-similarity are ubiquitous in nature. In this way natural philosophers, empirical scientists, mathematicians and theoretical physicists have all found their way, slowly but surely, to the infinite fractal paradigm. There are many routes to this paradigm, and certainly there are a large number of distinct versions of the basic paradigm that have their own unique theoretical explanations for why nature is organized in this manner, but the general paradigm that nature is an infinite hierarchy of worlds within worlds has fully arrived, and will probably be our dominant cosmological paradigm for the foreseeable future.
But what does it mean that the Universe is organized in fractal patterns of form? To fully grasp this concept, we have to realize that “fractal equations” are “organic equations,” which participate of the properties of organisms. Fractal equations create forms as life does. Fractal equations create self-similar “cells,” as life does. And in fact, they use the same term. Fractal equations are also called generator equations, as they are the mother cells that encode the information needed to repeat a living form. Finally a fractal equation will create a pattern of interconnected parts, which put together reproduce a whole, self-similar to their parts, as organisms do.
The only thing a fractal equation does not have is motion, as it is a simplified geometrical description of reality. So in the same manner, geometry lacks motion; simplified fractal equations didn’t have motion when they were first discovered.
But now, fractal science has advanced a step further, thanks to the evolution of fractal logic, duality, and non-Euclidean geometries, so we can understand finally the meaning of motion in the Universe.
Let us then explain the logic and mathematical principles of the fractal paradigm, starting for what fractal relativists mean when they say that the Universe is built in fractal scales made of pieces of vital space and informative time. To that aim, we shall introduce some basic concepts of fractal and non-Euclidean mathematics, needed to fully grasp the meanings of the fractal Universe, which we later will apply to the understanding of masses of physical information and black holes and pulsars, which are fractals, made of quarks—the substance CERN will mass-produce, without understanding its consequences, as it ignores all about the new developments of fractal cosmology.
II. Fractal Space: Non-Euclidean Geometry
Eppur si muove, eppur no muove.
—paradox of Galileo
The fractal nature of all universal entities, which occupy a piece of space and last a quantity of time, is the key to unifying the laws of science. Saturn’s rings are not a mathematical continuous plane despite their appearance. In detail, they become quantic points, planetoids in movement, tracing orbital cycles around the planet, in a fractal repetition of the path the planet makes around the sun. Each planetoid becomes again a fractal sum of atoms, turning in cyclical paths. Those rings illustrate two fundamental dualities of the space-time Universe, contradicted by the “naïve realism” of our simplest perception: Any region of the Universe seems at first glance still and continuous. So Galileo called Saturn’s planetoids a ring, thinking they were made of continuous, still matter. Yet Saturn’s rings have in fact the form of the commonest informative fractal: a Cantor dust, which thins once and again into infinitesimal particles. Since when we see any continuous point of time/space in detail, it grows, becoming both, dynamic and discontinuous, made of quanta, moving in self-similar paths that are separated as independent beings, but pegged to each other in networks by flows of energy and information. The Universe is constructed through those networks of parts that become wholes and grow in bigger scales, departing from its two essential formal motions, the line of energy and the cycle of information.
This duality gives origin to many paradoxes, as the properties of energy and information are inverted, and yet reality is always a combination of both. So particles of information are also waves of energy. Forms that seem static information can also be perceived as moving energy. It is the paradox of Galileo who said of the Earth: “Eppur no move, eppur si muove.”
3. Mathematical Proof: The Fifth Postulate of Non-Euclidean Fractal Geometry
The paradox of Galileo is the main paradox of perception of any system, which can be seen either as energy or as form also in the quantum realm, but physicists’ naïve realism failed to understand: Information is static since to perceive a form, we need to focus on its edges, and movement blurs form. So the mind perceives information in stillness, as when we read. Yet energy is motion, and since all dual complementary systems have information and energy (physical particles and forces in quantum physics), we can perceive or measure all beings, including the Earth as entities/waves in motion or as static forms/particles. But given the limits of our visual and instrumental systems, we can’t perceive both things at the same time. Therefore, the uncertainty of measure and perception is human while nature is dual.
This duality is the property of nature that neither quantum physicists, nor Galileo didn’t understand, opting out for a single solution. Galileo said that the Earth moves, hence energy and motion are the principles of reality that exclude form, in/form/ation, as all physicists will believe after him. While quantum physicists thought uncertainty was in nature, it was not in the instruments that measure it. Further on, energy is continuous, hence differentiable, but information is discontinuous, hence it requires fractal or topological mathematics. Yet quantum entropy still ignores that duality and pretends to study nonlineal, fractal, and nondifferentiable systems such as black holes, as Hawking does, with entropy equations. The list of errors of physics in their monist, naïve realist perception of reality could fill an entire encyclopaedia. Yet we want to focus only in those advances brought about by Einstein et al., which matter to understand fractal mass, the big bang, and black holes, which are made of quarks as Saturn’s rings are made of planetoids. Even if we first described them as energetic, abstract continuous rings, as Hawking did with his abstract black holes that now in the fractal paradigm become nonevaporating frozen quark stars, what is the mathematical justification of that fractal structure? A new type of mathematics called non-Euclidean mathematics, which Einstein used to describe gravitation and masses.
Einstein found that gravitational space did not follow the fifth Euclidean postulate of mathematics, which defines each point as having not breadth, so only a parallel can cross it.
It turned out that relativistic points could be crossed by infinite parallels. So the Universe was “non-Euclidean.” Either points had fractal parts through which parallels could cross or parallels bent to penetrate the point. Both solutions were a question of how we perceive reality. If we enlarge each point of the Universe, then it can fit more straight lines. This is the fractal paradigm. If you don’t enlarge a small point, lines seem to curve toward it. This is the choice of Einstein,6 which requires only a single space-time continuum as it does, not enlarge the smaller points of the Universe. In any case, what seems obvious is that reality is not as simple as we perceive it.
The fifth postulate in classic relativity means that to pass through that point, parallels curve; so in this manner, they can flux into the point. But fractal mathematics has resolved in a more accurate way this conundrum for two reasons: parallels are straight lines; hence if we curve them, they cease to be parallels. The second improvement is also obvious. A Euclidean point has no breadth so even if we curve parallels, there is room only for one within the Euclidean point. But if we enlarge the point and it grows to have fractal parts, it fits lineal parallels, which are straight lines. Thus, what the fractal paradigm has done is to explain logically non-Euclidean mathematics,App. IV giving us a more accurate view of the Universe, harmonizing the mathematics of Einstein’s relativity with what we see in the real world.
So we propose a new geometrical unit; the fractal point with a content of energy and information that grows as we come closer to it, which Einstein already used to describe the formalism of gravitational space-time. Let us now consider that proposition in more detail to respond to Mr. Hoggs’s wonders.
4. The Dual Membranes of the Universe: Light Space-time and Gravitational Space-time
Euclid affirmed that “through a point external to a parallel, only another parallel line can be traced” since the Euclidean point doesn’t have a volume that can be crossed by more lines:
Abstract, continuous, one-dimensional point: . ____________
This is indeed what we perceive in our light space. And the reason, which later will be explained in more detail, is because our “space” is made of light, and light has a Cartesian perpendicular structure, with three perpendicular fields (height/electric field, width/magnetic field and length, speed).
This is what fractal theorists mean when they affirm that space-time is fractal. We float and exist in a “sea” of light space-time, made of H-Planck units of light, which are “actions of energy and information”: E × V = K. Thus our light space-time is of energy and information, and we are evolved beings of light. But the Universe is fractal, is made of scales. And so there is another world of dark gravitational energy and matter that we do not perceive, the world of quarks, masses, and gravitational, invisible waves, described by Einstein’s relativity.
Indeed, Einstein found that such gravitational Universe followed a non-Euclidean fifth postulate:
. “A point external to a line is crossed by infinite parallel forces”.
Real, discontinuous, n-dimensional points: o ===========
It means that a real point has an inner space-time volume through which many parallels cross since reality follows that non-Euclidean fifth postulate,7 all points have a volume when we enlarge them, as cells grow when we look at them with a microscope. Then it is easy to fit many parallels in any of those points. Such organic points are like the stars in the sky. If you look at them with the naked eye, they are points without breadth, but when you come closer to them, they grow. Then as they grow, they can have infinite parallels within them since they become spheres, points with breadth, with space-time parts.
Mathematics, as a language that represents reality with simplified symbols, has a limited capacity to carry information. So its main symbols, geometric points and numbers, simplify and integrate that fractal discontinuous reality into a single space-time continuum, the Cartesian space/time graph, made of points without breadth. However, the points of a Cartesian plane or the numbers of an equation are only a linguistic representation of a complex Universe made of discontinuous points with an internal content of space-time. In the real world, we are all pieces made of fractal cellular points that occupy spaces, move, and last a certain time. When we translate those space-time systems into Euclidean, abstract, mathematical numbers, we make them mere points of geometry void of all content. But when we look in detail at the real beings of the Universe, all points have inner volume, measured with the dimensions of fractal geometry.
Thus, there is a bigger Universe which we do not fully perceive, made of gravitational dark energies and point-particles called quarks, as we are “limited, perceptive beings” that only see light. We are part of a network of electronic flows of energy and form of light nature, and we float in a bigger dark Universe. We are the surface of that other world; we are the membrane that covers the inner “pipes” of quark points and gravitational flows. But if we could penetrate inside that world and enlarge it, we would see a much bigger world of gravitational flows of energy and form that are dark energy and dark matter to us. And the formalism of that world is the topology of non-Euclidean fractal mathematics.
Yet if we give breadth to a point, we must also correct the other four postulates of Euclidean geometry and define a point as a sphere with breadth that grows as we come closer to the point (fractal point) and a line of points with volume as a wave with a minimal punctual height—a string of cyclical points.
And so suddenly two mysterious fields of physics become clear:
- Strings, used to describe the strong forces of the inner quarks of dark matter, become complex lines of non-Euclidean points with inner fractal dimensions in at least two more scales for a total of 32 = 9 more dimensions than the ones we see in our world.
- The complementarity principle of quantum physics means that all particles are non-Euclidean waves as points have height and volume. The space-time Universe thus becomes a discontinuous world of fractal points that grow in size as we come closer to the next scale, made of networks of points sharing waves of energy and information. And so we can define any discontinuous, relative, fractal space as a “plane of fractal points communicated by waves of energy and information” (fourth postulate), which becomes the organic unit of reality.
In the same way, the Saturn rings stop being planes without volume when we come closer and observe them as fractal points called planetoids. Non-Euclidean points acquire volume when we approach them. And so planes acquire volume, structure, and movement.
In the words of Klein, one of the discoverers of non-Euclidean geometries, a space is not static, but a moving group of points in cyclical movement. So in the same way Saturn’s rings are a group of planetoids, a Klein space, the space-time that fills reality is made of points, which have movement. They are in fact a series of moving cyclical vortices, the points of the smaller fractal scale of gravitational reality, Einstein’s definition of masses, as cyclical whirls of space-time.
Thus, suddenly mathematics stop being an “abstract” construct, a continuous plane drawn by Descartes and imposed into nature by Newton, and becomes a series of “vital geometries,” entities that have a quantity of vital space, made of networks of non-Euclidean points, particles, cells, or stars of a galaxy. And all those different scales of reality, made of networks of non-Euclidean points, can be explained, both as mathematical structures and organic structures, since an organism is merely a ternary system with a network of energetic and informative points/cells that create the limbs and head of the organism and its intermediate reproductive wavelike body.
This reinterpretation of the non-Euclidean topology of the Universe as a fractal series of scales of space-times, all of which are in fact cyclical vortices of masses and charges and lineal flows of energetic forces in movement, is far more akin to our observation of the Universe that reveals the same forms once and again in all its scales and shows perpetual movement in all of them, till reaching vacuum space, also with constant movement.
It also explains string theory and its multiple dimensions: those dimensions are fractal inner dimensions, belonging to a smaller fractal scale, as all systems observed are made of smaller units.
Non-Euclidean fractal mathematics has an enormous capacity to illuminate key questions of all sciences. We shall consider in the next chapter three physical questions resolved by the fractal paradigm that CERN pretends to study bombing the Earth with quark-gluon soups:
- The meaning of masses and charges that can be perceived, according to the paradox of Galileo and the fractal non-Euclidean paradigm, either as fixed particles with form or cyclical vortices with a rotational frequency that carries the information of the Universe.
- The unification of masses and charges as two accelerated geometrical vortices of two scales of reality, the microcosms of quantum charges and the macrocosms of masses.
- The holographic principle that defines information as bidimensional—a cyclical physical vortex.
While in the appendix, we will advance a reduced non-Euclidean model of the physical Universe as an organic structure of two scales—quantum world of charges and the cosmological world of masses.
Let us then continue in our double task of discovering the true knowledge of the Universe and expose the bioethical crimes and intellectual platitudes of CERN by resolving once and for all the meaning of mass and the unification equation of masses and charges, the basic bits of information of the cosmological and quantum world, with the minimal mathematical apparatus and maximal logic rigor.
III. Equivalence between Mass and Acceleration
And God said, there is light, and he separated the day from the darkness.
—Genesis
<<PICTURE 6. Einstein’s mass>>
In the graph, the evolution of the concept of mass in relativity, from the initial image of an abstract substance in the center of an accelerated vortex of space-time, proper of the abstract, pre–world war age, when Einstein first published his work on gravitation, to the first pictures obtained in bubble chambers in the postwar age, to the realization that each mass is a fractal space-time made of smaller cyclic motions proper of twenty-first century. Fractal relativity. The smaller motions are quarks, the bigger motions are quark stars, pulsars, and black holes. Today we can model any type of vortex of space-time with fractal mathematics, as each small vortex transfers the momentum to the bigger vortex, which emerges as a macroscopic entity. Thus, we conclude that a black hole is a fractal concentration of the densest matter of the Universe, quarks, since quarks represent on average more than 99.9% of the matter of our bodies. Those improvements on the details of mass theory, based on the advancement of its mathematical tools (discovery of fractals, chaos theory, and the five postulates of non-Euclidean geometry) is the natural way in which the evolution of science happens, departing from sound logic principles.
5. Einstein’s Concept of Mass as a Frequency of Information
In the text quoted from the New Scientist that opened chapter 2, we came to the conclusion that the Universe has a fractal structure because it is made of fractal space and fractal time. But what is space and time? In simple terms, here are the two essential morphologies of the Universe: Space is the lineal, expansive energy of the vacuum in eternal motion (seeing as still distance or space, according to the paradox of Galileo). And fractal times are cyclical clocks of information, whose frequency or rhythm encodes the information of the Universe.
So space and lineal energy on one side and time and cyclical clocks of information on the other are synonymous. The static, continuous concepts of space and time become then sums of discontinuous, moving pieces of energy and infinite clocks of information that our senses put together into an abstract continuous single space-time. One we have “exploded” and given movement to the abstraction of space and time, it is easy to recognize the minimal bytes of energy and bits of information of the real, physical Universe. Physical information, masses and charges, and physical energy, forces, which are not substances but motions, events in time of cyclical, informative nature (masses and charges) or energetic, spatial, expanding shape (energy), that constantly transform into each other ad eternal, creating the essential rhythm of the physical Universe:
E (forces) < => i- Particles (masses and charges)
The key to grasp the concept of mass as a vortex of acceleration are two physical laws: one of classic relativity, the principle of equivalence between accelerated motions and masses, and one of fractal relativity, the paradox of Galileo, the fact that we perceive reality either as a moving energy (in the case of a mass, as a vortex) or as fixed space (in the case of mass as a particle). All moves and doesn’t move (eppur si muove eppur no muove) depending on the way we look at it. Thus, all spaces have inner motion, even if our senses don’t see that motion or fix that motion into forms of in/form/ation.
Mass is the great problem unresolved by quantum physicists in their model of the Universe since it is not an energetic but an informative form. Einstein, who had a visual, geometrical image of mass, defined it as a vortex that absorbed space-time, attracting in its flow everything else traveling on that space-time as a bathtub attracts all what is in the water it absorbs.
How did Einstein come to that idea?8 As many textbooks and visualizations explain, he realized that when we accelerate, as it happens in a Formula 1 car or a lift, we feel more weight. Thus, he made a bold statement: mass and acceleration are the same. If we feel mass when we accelerate, it is because mass is acceleration. But what type of acceleration?
The answer is actually quite simple, because it turns out that Newton had long ago discovered a beautiful formula to describe all the forces of the Universe: F=m × a.
Where a means a lineal acceleration and so m must be a cyclical acceleration. Indeed, there are no more types of accelerations and so Einstein (using, of course, more complex mathematics than Newton to refine his calculus, as mathematics had evolved a lot since Newton’s time) postulated that masses would be vortices of space-times since only a vortex is a cyclical, accelerated movement.
That principle of equivalence is the fundamental principle in which general relativity is based. It states merely that mass and cyclical acceleration are the same. It means in layman terms that a mass is not a material form but a movement. And of course, because that movement is an inward, cyclical movement, it deploys a resistance to be pushed outward in a lineal manner, which from our macroscopic view seems to give mass a solid position. Again this is intuitive. If you are a very small being turning at full speed, it will be very difficult to push you away. When you see a skater in a ring, he speeds up and closes his arms to move faster and become more stable in his position. Thus, the homology between acceleration and mass defines for a curved space the meaning of a mass, and the paradoxical fact that the smaller the vortex is, the faster it turns and the bigger the mass is. It is the same that happens in any tornado or hurricane: the closest you are to the center, the faster you turn and the more attractive the tornado is.
In that sense, what you experience as weight is the inertial resistance to any displacement of a vortex anchored in a point of space-time. The same happens in our macrouniverse when a skater turns around and bends his arms to spin faster. If he opens his arms spreading his vortex, he decelerates and moves easier in a lineal direction.
A mass is thus the inertial force that we need to push away, the accelerated vortex. Those vortexlike spirals accelerating in a curved path, inward, are like the pictures we observe in accelerators, or the most recent pictures of masses we have obtained, in which indeed we see a fluctuating vacuum with the form of a vortex. Further on, we know that the frequency or rotational speed of those vortices, called spins, are related to the mass of each particle. So we have both, logic and experimental proofs. Of course, I have used here and will continue using the simple mathematics of Newton and the visual thought experiments of Einstein, to describe those concepts because this is a book for nonspecialists. Already Descartes said that the Universe was made of vortices and “res extensa,” that is, lineal space. What Einstein did was to apply the most modern non-Euclidean mathematics of his day to those well-known principles. So he improved greatly the detail of those vortices, as non-Euclidean geometry allowed much more refined calculations than those we could do with the mathematics of Newton, but in essence the principles stayed. So we can explain very easily in an intuitive manner, thanks to the principle of equivalence, a mass with a simple equation:
equivalence principle: mass = curved acceleration= cyclical vortex that resists displacement
If we use the simpler mathematics of Newton to define Einstein’s mass, we can see in more detail the properties of such vortices, which can be described as fluid vortices of the bits of information, the particles that create any of the multiple fractal space-time membranes of the Universe. Consider the simplest bidimensional equation of a vortex:
Vortex Speed × Radius-size of vortex = Vo × Ro = Constant Value
Since the product of the speed and the radius is constant, the shorter the radius, the faster the speed. What this means is that any vortex paradoxically accelerates faster when it is smaller. So the product of a growing speed and diminishing radius remains constant. Hence we find that smaller particles that rotate faster have more mass. So the electron which is bigger and rotates slower than the quark has less mass. In fact, the electron’s mass is 0.1% of the mass of an atom which is all stored in the inner faster-rotating smaller quarks and gluons.
While in the cosmological scale, the black hole, which rotates at light speed and occupies the minimal space of all the cosmic bodies, is the most massive form of the Universe. Then it becomes[Apple1] a quark star called a pulsar, which has a center of strange quarks and a surface of dense neutrons. It rotates also very fast, near the speed of light, and it has an enormous mass. We do not know what the substance of black holes is, but Einstein called them frozen stars and he said that if we were to obey the laws of the scientific method, they had to have a cut-off substance. Then when he died, we found quarks and so it is obvious that black holes, the densest rotating stars of the Universe, should be made of top quarks, the densest top quarks of the quantum world. Since black holes have very similar properties to those of a quark star or pulsar, ultradense stars with enormous rotational speed, this fact reinforces the thesis that black holes are top stars. And so obviously, fractal cosmologists fear that CERN, which is a factory of quarks, will make a vortex of quarks that will grow and grow, attracting the mass of the Earth and converting us into a black hole or quark star. Simple,[Apple2] isn’t? It is then obvious that we must not make a factory/cannon of quarks. It is absolutely dangerous to do that.
But this fact, which anyone can understand, is ignored by quantum cosmologists because they don’t believe in Einstein; and of course, those who believe in Einstein are merely interested in the use of the more complex mathematical model of gravitation and mass, in which the principle of equivalence of Newton and Einstein is not so clear. The details of the trees prevent them from seeing the big picture of the forest. But here we are concerned with the picture that tells us that quarks are the atoms of the densest black holes and quark stars because only among the known particles, quarks are that heavy, and only among the known celestial bodies, black holes and quark stars are that heavy.
Further on, because dark matter represents 75% of the universe’s mass, very likely, dark matter is made of black holes, pulsars, and other types of quark stars.
Now when you get into details, the word vortex is substituted by spin, the word curved cycle by non-Euclidean geometry, and you use also two different names for the type of forces displayed by quark vortices (strong forces) and by black holes and pulsars (gravitational forces) because we are talking of two fractal scales of reality, the quantum microscopic world and the cosmological world. But those details that we will explain later in depth, unifying both scales, gravitation, and the quantum world with fractal equations (a long goal of Mr. Einstein, which I found thanks to the expansion of the postulates of non-Euclidean geometry that Mr. Einstein lacked) are of no importance to understand in simple mathematics, the meaning of mass:
max. rotational speed × min. radius= quarks and black holes= the densest masses of the cosmos
med. rotational speed × med. radius = electrons and stars
0 rotational speed × max. radius = light = 0 mass
It is in those terms how it becomes easy to understand the different masses of different particles and cosmic bodies, related to their angular momentum or spin: the electron which turns slower in a wider circumference is far lighter than the proton that turns faster in a smaller space, which is lighter than the black hole which turns to the limit of speed of our world.
While the mass of light is zero because the electromagnetic wave never closes in to itself, but once it has made half a circumference downward, it switches upward and so it moves as a transversal, lineal wave without mass and maximal, infinite radius: 0 mass × infinite radius = K.
In detail, light has an insignificant bit of mass because due to the rotation of galaxies (Mach principle), it has some curvature and it acquires more mass/frequency when it rotates around a quark or black hole vortex, finally evolving into a more complex form, absorbed by an electron, quark, or black hole.
Now it is easy to understand how mass (rotational motion) becomes energy (lineal movement) and vice versa (E=mc2 and M=E/c2). E=mc2 means just that when energy approaches the c-limit of speed of our spacetime, as it cannot go faster, it deflects its energy that curls into cyclical motion into mass. This, of course, is another thing CERN pretends to research with the quark cannon. Because using quantum equations and Higgs particles, there is no way to understand how energy becomes mass and vice versa.
The Universe is simple. So a simpler explanation of reality is more truth, even if it is experimentally less refined in its initial conception. For example, Copernicus was simpler than Ptolemy. Further on, for many years, till Kepler and Newton refined its elliptical orbits into ellipses, Copernicus’s cyclical orbits were less accurate than Ptolemaic calculus, but the principles were sounder: The sun was put in the center and that simplified enormously the model. So it satisfied better Occam’s principle. That is what the principle of equivalence between acceleration and gravity of Newton and Einstein does with masses: by considering that particles are cyclical, accelerated motions, not substances, this sounder principle simplifies all calculus, explains logically how mass attracts like a hurricane of space-time, and so it must be truer than the complicated quantum theories of mass, as the Higgs Mechanism, which does not even explain how mass attracts in a coherent manner.
6. The Advances of Fractal Relativity: Fractal, Fluid Space-times
Physicists do not understand those simple truths—even a century after Einstein applied Mr. Riemann’s discovery of the fifth non-Euclidean postulate, which defines a point as a cyclical motion in space—because of a basic error of “materialist physics”: Since nuclear physicists do machines and bombs, which are made of dense metal, they tend to believe in “solid things.” So this kind of spiritual thought on motions and events is unreal to them. Instead, they “decided” that the principle of equivalence only affected to the gravitational force but somehow “stopped” in an obscure point where the rotational acceleration of the mass vortex clashed with something “solid,” like a “rubber ball,” which had to be the “mass.”
In the graph, our growing understanding of masses in terms of a fluid, relativistic vortex is an interesting proof of the distance between mathematics and reality since mathematics merely offer an abstract, simplified picture of reality with equations we have to interpret in terms of real objects observed in the Universe. That is the case of a mass, which once Einstein’s equations were published was first depicted as in the left picture, like a ball that was curving downward the space-time of the Universe. But that image is not logic and it has no relationship with the Universe we observe since any vortex, including those of air and water, have no solid ball in the center, but merely deflect the cyclical motion upward, transforming it again into lineal, perpendicular motion.
And this is what we observe in masses and charges, which are cyclical vortices, which first transform lineal motion into cyclical motion, creating the charge or mass and then deflect that cyclical motion, expelling it as less curved lineal motion through its poles, as a magnetic, electric, or dark energy flow.
So physicists moved recently toward the second more logical and realistic version of the vortex of mass, curving inward, illustrated by a fluid or gas vortex in pictures 2 (a fluid vortex) and 3 (a hurricane). This third picture of the hurricane applied by analogy to a mass vortex shows clearly what probably will happen when CERN puts together a lot of quark vortices: they will condensate, rotating together in synchronicity, creating a bigger vortex, a pulsar, quark star, or black hole. Each of the mini vortices that accelerates inward toward the center of the black hole will be a particle, a quark, which acquires mass as it rotates faster, diminishing in radius (according to the previous vortex equation). In the more complex mathematics of relativity, those equations that explain how energy becomes mass as we approach c speed (E=mc2) become the so-called Lorenz transformations.
As you can see, the vortex comes inward toward the condensed center in which it will fuse with other quarks into a single diminishing vortex, called an Einstein-condensate, that packs very close one quark over another, turning at light speeds in a state of highly ordered matter.
In the graph, we observe also the evolution of true science, thanks to our advances in mathematics and logic. First, in the beginning of the century, when Einstein published, only gravitation, the force external to the mass was treated under the Principle of equivalence, between force and acceleration. The mass was still considered a solid substance, a Maya of the senses, which fix the quantum fluctuations of energy and information into a still image of the Universe, a knot of information called the mind. But the fixed images of the mind are not reality. Reality, as we entered into deeper experimental evidence, turned out to be always vibrating, moving, fluctuating at all scales we have perceived it. In the center, we see a bubble image of a particle.
There are not solid substances but a constant flow of motions that happen in different scales of fluid space-times, each one made of a sea of minimal “actions” with energy and information that act as the medium of that world—the gluons of the strong space-time of quarks, the h-Plancks of the weak world of electromagnetism, the l-strings of the dark energy of gravitation (as per Nottale and others). And in the mediums known to man, the air molecules of nitrogen and oxygen, or the water molecules, which allow also the creation of hurricane and tornado vortices. In the new physics of complexity, we are all part of fractal discontinuums, mediums and scales of vibrating energy and form, and all the abstract simplifications of the “ancients,” while useful to allow calculus, become from a philosophical perspective hyperbolic or Pythagoric, monist, mechanist aberrations of thought.
A notable property of this new world are a series of logic dualities and self-similarities called correspondences and invariances that relate those scales. Each new scale becomes created by the fractal sum of all the microvortices that become a whole one in the next scale of size of the physical Universe, adding new dimensions. For example, a well-known correspondence is established between a mathematical description of a quark-gluon soup as a fifth-dimensional world of strings and a fourth-dimensional world of quark vortices. What this means is that l-strings are the one-dimensional units of the superfluid dark energy that form those bidimensional quarks, which themselves lock in three perpendicular vortices to create fractals our three-dimensional electronic word. And so dimensions are always fractal, emerging as objects of a next scale, but the sum of all the fractal, finite dimensions from the small to the bigger world always adds up to four infinite continuous dimensions.
Yet all those fractal parts of the different scales of superfluid space-time are not solid substances but actions of energy and informative time. This again was discovered by Planck more than one hundred years ago, when he found the fractal unit of the membrane of light space-time we inhabited and called it action of energy and time. Yet the solid image never died away. What fractal theorists have done is to add to the “membrane of electroweak space-time made of light forces and electrons” another membrane of “gravitational masses” made of strings, gluons, quarks, and black holes. So in the same manner, we have two basic physical mediums that create vortices in our planetary scale, hurricanes made of quanta/fractal parts of atomic air and tornados, made of quanta/fractal parts of atomic water. In the Universe at large, we have two mediums, the light space-time made of “light quanta” (our membrane) and the gravitational world made of strings, fractal parts of gluon quanta (which form the superfluid vortices of quarks) and gravitational dark energy that form the cosmological space-time.
This duality, clearly established in the work of Nottale and others, reshapes our classification of forces in two systems, one of electroweak light entropy and other of strong gravitational mass. It is important to define properly the terms of that duality, so ill understood by the “ancients,” the quantum entropy theorists that work for CERN, rooted in the physics of the past millennium:
-Electroweak, massless forces made of electromagnetic light and electrons belong to our membrane of Euclidean space-time, defined in classic physics. This is our world and it is defined by expansive entropy, spatial, lineal forces.
- Yet this world is in a tug-of-war with the strong, cyclical, massive dark world of quarks that bends this space into cyclical clocks of bidimensional, temporal information, the quark vortices inside the atom. And this strong world of quarks that bends electrons has also a lineal force, the dark gravitational energy flows that structure the interstellar space.
The easiest way to perceive those two universes is to consider the primary Universe not our Universe, but the world of quarks connected by long strings of dark gravitational energy, which form a universal web over which the electromagnetic world becomes a rubbery cover, as a series of copper cables are coated with rubber or our neurons with myelin. The quarks of strong forces are covered by electronic surfaces, which communicate between them through flows of electromagnetic light that runs over the thinner, faster wires of dark gravitational energy, which is the intimate scaffolding of reality.
Logic Principles Matter More than Mathematical Details
“I want to know God’s thoughts . . . the rest are details.”, said Einstein. Yet those thoughts are logic principles, the details are mathematical equations, which evolve with new developments in calculus, while the principles stay.
In that sense, it is a common mistake of Pythagoric physicists who believe God speaks only mathematics to consider that Einstein’s work on general relativity is unrelated to Newton because he uses different mathematics. Thus, Pythagoric physicists, who consider mathematics the only language of reality, think that Einstein explains a completely different view of the Universe, which invalidates totally Newton’s work. This view is wrong and leaves unexplained the very obvious fact that Newton’s description of gravitational forces works so well that it was considered an absolute truth till the twentieth century and is still used for most calculus of forces on Earth because both are based on the same logic principle of equivalence, which in the hierarchy of science dominates over the different detailed mathematical descriptions of it. Moreover, it is known to the historian of physics that Newton’s equations were evolved by Poisson and Poisson was the departing point of Einstein, which is the departing point of fractal relativity, the twenty-first-century version sketched in this book. Yet the principle of equivalence between accelerations and masses is not the departing point of Higgs and Hawking’s entropic black holes, which deny Einstein’s principles, and so regardless of their mathematical complexity, they are wrong because their logic principles are false.
So we must consider a different view on the evolution of gravitational theory. Newton, Poisson, and Einstein’s theories are right because they describe the same logic principle of equivalence, with the best mathematical models available to each age. And since logic is in the hierarchy of the scientific method, superior to mathematics, from where it derives—as Gödel, Russell, and Frege proved, deducing the laws of mathematics from those of logic—what matters is to understand the logic principles of the Universe, which will then be described “in higher detail” with each new paradigm of mathematics. What this means is that as mathematics have grown in detail and precision, new physicists have applied the new mathematics and increased the detail of their calculus. Yet the physical principles, events, and concepts that truly define the phenomenon physicists describe have not changed. So when those principles are changed by false principles as Higgs and Hawking do in mass and black hole theory, the results are false regardless of the mathematical detail they use to reinvent the Universe.
This is clearly shown in theory of mass by the three phases of evolution of the principle of equivalence between mass and acceleration, all of which can be used to calculate trajectories of masses, because all of them follow the three legs of the scientific method. The first paradigm was Newton’s paradigm, which used a simple formula of a gravitational vortex to describe them. And they worked fine for most calculus and they are still used. Then Poisson, Lagrange, and Hamilton refined those calculi. And finally Einstein used Poisson formulation of the gravitational force and took it a step further with the use of non-Euclidean maths. What some of the people of “al.” have done is to take Einstein’s work further by using the next age of evolution of mathematics, fractal and non-Euclidean mathematics and the laws of endophysics, which includes the limits of human perception on those equations (Galilean paradox, changes in the speed of time around black holes), which solve the problem of the uncertainty of measure introduced by the observer. But any of those three-plus-one ages of the principle of equivalence between mass and acceleration are good enough to explain what mass is; and none of the quantum alternatives, despite the complexity of its maths, is truth because they deny the principle of equivalence between mass and acceleration, considering mass an external property given by solid particles (the Higgs) that transfer it magically to all other entities of the Universe, not an internal property of the topological structure of space-time, its accelerated, cyclical motion.
Any of those models—Newton’s forces, Einstein’s relativity, or our non-Euclidean fractal description of the two membranes of the Universe—bring enough understanding of what a mass is. Yet because Pythagoric physicists ignore the underlying logic principles that rule their equations, they believe in the mathematical model of the day and when new mathematics appears, they think the old model was totally wrong. So they thought, as Alexander Pope put it, that “God created Newton and there was light,” but when Einstein came with new maths, they threw Newton’s work as if it were a fantasy when it had worked perfectly for three centuries in calculating all kinds of motions in the Universe. Newton had embedded the same true principles in his work—the principle of equivalence between accelerations and forces, masses and motions (F=m × a).
Next, Poisson and Hamilton applied the new refined tools of differential calculus to the study of the motion of planets, which was previously described by Newton with simpler operandi. So they found out another key principle of the Universe of energy and information—the law of minimal energy, which states that any system of the Universe tries to keep its internal energy and information, following the path that saves more energy between two points.
Then when Riemann developed non-Euclidean mathematics, Einstein applied them to the previous work of Newton, using the notation of Poisson, to find a more precise analysis of gravitational mass vortices, by making a series of “simultaneous,” present pictures of those cyclical motions and adding the influence of the gravitational membrane that underlies our world of light and electroweak masses.
We could resume the differences between the classic formulation of Newton and the modern one, considering that Newton formulated the description of the whole, and its dynamics in an extended space and time duration, while Einstein formulated the detailed topology of the vortex in each non-Euclidean point of its space and in the simultaneity of each present moment of duration.
The description of those vortices in the scale of charges and quarks can be also done with two degrees of detail, as we do here, considering them whole vortices or as the so-called QCD theory of strong forces does, in detail, considering each fractal quanta (gluon and quark) at each moment of time and aggregating them together. Yet while the whole description of quarks we shall do here is less accurate than the detailed one, brought about by quantum chromodynamics, it provides a more logical, comprehensive overview, which is the aim of this book, since all those mathematical descriptions are truth as long as they describe accurately the equivalence principle between forces and accelerations. If we compare them with a verbal description, we could say that all of them have the same core sentence, the principle of equivalence, but the description of it grows in detail. If Newton, for example, said Jesus had dark hair, Einstein refined the analysis and said Jesus had dark hair with brown touches in his forehead, and fractal relativity refines the sentence further, saying Jesus had long dark hair with brown touches on his forehead and a white stripe[Apple1] on his temples. But the essential concept remains: Jesus had dark hair, that is,
the forces and particles of the Universe are accelerated motions.
This principle, so stated, is what Higgs and Hawking have dropped from their eye view in quantum entropy; and due to the excessive specialization of their mathematical models of enormous detail the general vision of the forest of all physical events, the equivalence principle is lost. For that reason, I have always preferred the opposite approach: to study first the forest, the principles of physics, with a limited mathematical precision, achieved by not using computers in my calculations and accepting as supreme guides the laws of the scientific method (causality, simplicity, economicity, hylomorphism, and experimental evidence) and the well-established principles in which previous theories were founded. And only at the end, once the forest is mapped, I have considered some of its specific trees in more detail.
It is thus the comprehension of the principles of equivalence between the forces of the Universe and the two types of accelerations (F=m × a) and its invariance under change of position or scale in the Universe, not the mathematical details that casts further light on the meaning of mass and charges in the Universe.
Let us then summarize so far the meaning of that principle in Newton and Einstein’s work. Newton defined that principle with a simple formula: F= m × a; that is, the forces of the Universe are made of two elements, which we must consider to be both accelerated motions. Yet since we only know two types of accelerated motions, lineal acceleration (a) and vortices of cyclical acceleration (V × radius=k), masses should be curved, accelerated vortices of gravitational forces.
This was Einstein’s view. It led him to formulate with Riemannian tensors the four-dimensional space-time structures of gravitation and masses, measuring the structure of space under that principle in a simultaneous moment of time. Thus, he made still pictures in which we can gauge the curvature of the vortex to its finest detail, adding smaller corrections to the whole dynamic Newtonian view.
Thus, Einstein just made a more detailed analysis of Newton’s vortices of mass, turning around the sun, using Riemannian geometries and the concept of simultaneous present time. We could say in a way that he made a more precise picture, a still present photograph of the spatial form of those vortices, but the essential truth, the principle of equivalence between forces and acceleration remains the same from Newton to Einstein to fractal relativity. And so it is that principle and not the evolving mathematics of any of those three models what we have to consider in detail to fully grasp the essence of all the forces of the Universe. What fractal relativity does is to add the advances on theory of information, to go even further, respecting the work of those pioneers and founding fathers. What Higgs and Hawking did is to throw them out because “Einstein is double wrong” (Hawking) and take their place as the new prophets of an entire refurbished Universe which should be reinvented to please their minds. So this new Universe should have an entire new, invented, never observed field (the Higgs field) to substitute the gravitational field of Einstein and Newton and a new causality in time (time travel to the past) to please the theory of evaporating black holes that travel to the past, where they evaporate their information. Then came CERN and decided Hawking and Higgs had reinvented the Universe and it was worth to risk the life of all of us, trying to prove them right despite forty years of seeking and not finding his mental fantasies. In other words, what physicists are proposing to mankind is this:
Higgs and Hawking are God. They have reinvented the Universe. And you must sacrifice your lives to prove them. This is religious fundamentalism in defiance of true science, bioethics, and the laws of the Universe; and while humanity has agreed, I assure you that “those who impose truth with power will be the laugh of the gods,” whose black holes will swallow CERN, Higgs, Hawking, and all of us soon.
8. Masses Are Vortices of Physical Information. The Mystery of Slow Clocks.
What is the mathematical relationship between mass, time, and information? Einstein hinted that cyclical clocks of time, cyclical forms, and cyclical masses were related when he said that “time curves space into mass.” And he showed that relationship in his equations. Now, once the curved form of masses, self-similar to the curved forms clocks of temporal information is understood, we can fully grasp the meaning of that sentence if we use the concept of time that physicists use as “what a clock measures.” Masses are the cyclical clocks of information of the Universe, which trans/form the energy lines of gravitational forces into a regular frequency of information given by the speed of rotation of those physical clocks.
Look at the back of a clock. It is a cyclical spiral that unwinds its energy so the clock can create cycles of information. The clock is a “fractal generator” of cycles of information (the hours of the clock) molded from a source of energy (the spiral), following a dual feed-back cycle of transformation of energy into information (the clock turning) and information into energy (the spiral unwinding). This duality of all eternal processes of trans/formation of lineal motions (energies) into cyclical motions (information) and vice versa is the essential dual cycle of the Universe, its “generator equation” (E ó I or E×I=K), depending on our dynamic or static perception of it (Galilean paradox). And it applies to all systems. The space between galaxies expands because the space within galaxies contracts into mass. The big bang of a supernova explodes radiation because quarks become a stronger superfluid vortex inside in a big crunch. Yet if we were physicists, adscribed to the entropy-only religion and naïve realism, we would only see half of the process, either the big bang radiation and expansion of interstellar space (big bang theorists) or the visible mask of the informative clock: the needles turning.
So a mass or a charge is a physical clock of time that winds energy into form but simultaneously unwinds form into energy, expelling it perpendicularly through its poles, as a tornado—which also has a dimension of height, not only a cyclical inward movement—does with water or air. And so we are all made of spatial energy that extends and creates space and movement and cyclical clocks of time, whirls of masses and charges that carry information. And the growth of complexity of those two motions finally create the biological cycles of information and energy that make us humans.
The complex evolution of those two motions, chained in infinite puzzles, evolving in networks, grouping in bigger structures, is what we call the organic Universe made of networks of spatial energy and information.
Now, let us prove the concept of mass as physical information with the three tenets of the scientific method: mathematical, logic, and experimental proof. The logic proof is in the explanations we just made of it. Unlike the Higgs mechanism, masses as vortices of space-time are logic mechanisms of attraction. The experimental proof is the relationship between the speed and radius of each vortex and its attractive power or mass. Unlike the Higgs mechanism that never explained why each mass has the mass it has, the vortex theory explains them: Light doesn’t close a vortex so it doesn’t have mass. Black holes turn faster with lesser radius so they have more mass. Quarks do the same in the particle world so they are the most massive of them all.
Finally, the mathematical proof is as simple and beautiful as it gets. Just substitute in Einstein’s two main formulas where mass and time come out to obtain its relationship:
energy =mass × c2 and energy × time =constant
Then you cancel energy and you get mass = constants/time= k × frequency of information.
Since time and frequency are inverse (T=1/v), this means that the faster the frequency of a vortex of space-time is, the more attractive/heavier the mass is; the more information it will store and the slower its inverse (T=1/v), lineal time will happen. And this is another experimental proof of informative masses, as astrophysicists have shown that lineal time passes slower when we come closer to a massive object like a black hole. All this explains why in relativity time is related to mass, which affects the movement of cyclical clocks since
mass = frequency of a vortex of physical clocks (any orbit, mass, or charge=spin).
All those relationships, which can be described also with the more complex topological models of non-Euclidean geometry briefly outlined in the appendix, cannot be obtained with Higgs particles, which cannot explain rationally how masses attract, what their values are without inventing new laws and fields never found in nature, and yet even then, it cannot explain the different masses of each particle.
Thus, we conclude that Einstein’s theory of mass is right and the Higgs a fantasy: masses and quarks are motions that carry the information of the Universe in its bidimensional vortices. This is not understood by quantum physicists because they try to explain masses with the Higgs and fail. Later, when we talk of quarks in more detail, we shall add some complexity to this basic description of them. It matters one of those properties: a bidimensional vortex has less dimensions and more speed/attractive power than our three-dimensional electroweak forces. This means we need three quarks, each one with one-third of charge, to emerge into our electronic world. To do so, they form very dense, stable triplets because they “lock themselves” perpendicularly, to emerge as “three-dimensional color-locked” forms in our Universe. This recent discovery explains why quark-gluon soups are far more stable liquids than previously predict, why they are much more dangerous and attractive than CERN believes, and are complex liquid condensates, macrocosmic vortices that become black holes and quark stars much easier than CERN and its entropy/energy/explosive gas version predicts. We have now proofs of this after a previous accelerator RHIC made a liquid quark-gluon vortex not a gas. And yet CERN behaves as any nuclear company does, protecting its weapon, not arguing with reason the new sciences of complexity, duality, and far from equilibrium systems, chaotic attractors and fractal theory that explain those quark liquids. Instead it rejects any dialogue with Einstein et al., the pioneers of those sciences, who have been warning for years and now have increasing evidence of the dangers of quark-gluon soups and uses outdated gas models to describe those liquids. CERN cherry-picked theories not by its scientific quality but by its capacity to justify its machines and the quark-gluon liquid as a harmless substance that will merely “explode” into radiation instead of crunching us into a quark star.
9. The Unification Equation
Now, to fully understand those fractal quarks and how they might form cosmological black holes, we have to relate the quantum world of charges and masses and the cosmological world of stars and black holes. So we have to return to complex physics, solving one of the great questions pending in twentieth-century physics, the unification equation of charges and masses, which is the key to properly mathematize the different masses of all those quarks and deduce the speeds of its vortices. To that aim, we must understand charges and masses as two fractal membranes of the Universe, not as two forces, that exist in the same continuous space-time. This is an improvement over Einstein relativity, but as the reader should understand by now, what fractal relativity has done is to improve Einstein by improving the mathematics he used, with the addition of fractal mathematics and the completion of the postulates of non-Euclidean geometry and by improving the logic of his work with the addition of information, the second arrow of time.
Let us now consider a more refined view of the cosmos than the one brought about by quantum physicists, as a fractal system with two scales or membranes that constantly interact with each other: the quantum electroweak membrane and the strong gravitational cosmological membrane. This is important because it will allow us to establish the nature of quark condensates as the “quantum atoms” of quark stars and black holes, which will be certainly made by CERN’s quark factory. We shall do this following the pattern of this book, which gives glimpses to the future of science and solves the problems CERN pretends to solve, killing us, with the power of the mind, to show that CERN is both, ethically and intellectually a monstrosity.
The equation that unifies charges and masses as a single type of force has been searched for one hundred years from the perspective of quantum particles, not with the geometrical/motion-based concepts of Einstein’s masses. Yet Einstein always said the unification equation should be based in the geometrical similarity between the equations of electromagnetism and gravitation and the equivalence principle between mass and acceleration.
Let us then use those simple principles. The existence of a fractal structure of space-time means that the electromagnetic world and the cosmological world are just two self-similar non-Euclidean membranes of space-time of two scales and charges and masses two self-similar vortices of two different scales.
So we shall be able to obtain for the first time theoretically, the value of the stronger universal constant of charges (Coulomb) by merely translating the jargon of a charge to the jargon of a vortex of space-time, which is the same in all scales. Since rotation is the essence of mass and the concept of a hard particle as a solid ball is a mere Maya of the senses, their only difference between quantum charges and cosmological bodies is the higher speed of rotation of charges and hence the stronger constant of the electromagnetic vortices of the quantum world.
This unification can be done with the mathematics of Newton, Poisson, or Einstein, which are just three stages in the constant refinement of the principle of equivalence and the geometrical analysis of the Universe. What matters is to understand the principles, which is what quantum cosmologists no longer do.
Let us then bring here with the notation of Newton and Poisson, which is far simpler than that of Einstein’s relativity, the simplified proof of the fractal nature of the Universe and its two scales, the quantum world and the cosmological world in which charges and masses are gravitational vortices of space-time of two different scales. We consider, using Newton’s notation, a mass a three-dimensional, cyclical accelerated vortex of space-time defined in classic Newton mechanics by a centripetal acceleration, which gives us the classic definition of the universal constant G as
G M=ω2r3
where r is in meters and ω is the angular acceleration in radians per second of any gravitational orbit.
This simple Newtonian equation, however, in the fractal paradigm, should apply to any scale of the Universe, able to describe any vortex of space-time by merely changing the value of the universal constant G. Thus, we obtain the fractal equation of any vortex of time:
universal constant of a space-time vortex, U (g,q) = w (angular speed)2 × radius2/ mass
If this is truth and the Universe is indeed a fractal of several scales, it means that the previous equation will be able to describe both, not only a gravitational vortex of space-time in the cosmological scale with the universal constant G, but also a charge as a quantum vortex of space-time with the universal constant Q, the constant of Coulomb.
Let us then substitute the parameters for the values of the sun (mass) minus earth (rotational speed and radius) to get G. The approximate values are as follows:
sun mass = 2 × 1030 kg; Earth’s angular velocity 2 × 10-7 rad.[Apple2] per sec.
earth’s orbit = 150 million kms.
result: G=6.67 × 10 -11 kg-1 m3 rad. sec.-2
This is standard gravitational theory. What has never been done, because the fractal paradigm was not known till recently, is to substitute in the same equation of gravitational cosmological masses the mass radius and speed of the space-time vortex by the values of the fundamental quantum space-time vortex, a hydrogen atom/charge.
If the thesis of a fractal universe made of hierarchical scales is truth, then those values should give us the value of the universal constant of charges, the Coulomb constant.
Indeed, if we substitute for the proton (mass) and the Bohr electronic orbital (speed and radius)
4 × 1016 rad. sec. -1 = w (electron);
5.3 × 10-11 m. (Bohr radius);
proton mass = 1.6 × 10 -27 kg.,
then we get a G, which is 2×1039 stronger than the gravitational radius; thus, the hydrogen atom behaves as a self-similar fractal scale in the quantum world to a solar system.
The relationships between the particles of those two fractal scales, the cosmological and quantum scale, is the next great mystery of physics, resolved by the unification equation and Einstein’s mass theory. To find that relationship, we must translate to the gravitational jargon the radius of a proton, the particle made of quarks and gluons in the quantum world. If the hypothesis of a self-similar membrane of space-time of different scales of size holds since both, a proton and a black hole in the two scales, are made of quarks, the proton must be a black hole of the electromagnetic scale and so its radius, when translated to the jargon of gravitation, must have the same formula than a black hole radius, called a Schwarzschild Horizon.
Again, the mathematics is fairly straight: we equal the Coulomb, gravitational constant=1.5×1029 and the electromagnetic radius of the proton written in the jargon of gravity with its classic formula that describes the same vortex, written in the jargon of electromagnetism:
electromagnetic force (gravitational jargon) = G(q) Mproton melectron /r2 = e2/4∏eor2 =F (classic jargon)
A hydrogen atom will be then a mass vortex of space-time, where G(q) is the Coulomb constant as a gravitational constant with value 1.5 x1029.
Now we use the previous equation to find the electron Bohr radius as a gravitational vortex. Then the magic transformation happens. Take the previous equation
e2= 4∏eoGq(1.5 x1029) Mproton melectron
and put it into the electron radius: e2/melectron x c2 x4∏eo. Now cancel melectron and 4∏eo.
And you get the electron radius expressed in the jargon of a quantum gravitational world as follows: G(q)M/c2.
It is a much simpler formula, which means we are doing “good physics” according to Occam’s principle. But since in that expression M is the mass of a proton, G(q), the electromagnetic constant as a gravitational constant, and c, the speed of light, that expression is exactly the Schwarzschild radius of a quantum black hole.
Thus, the electron Bohr radius, which is the final radius of minimal size and energy in electrons, is the event horizon of a black hole in the quantum gravitational world.
Indeed in the cosmological world, beyond that radius light sinks toward the central singularity, where the black hole, a quark star resides. And beyond that radius, the electromagnetic flow sinks into the nucleus where quarks feed on light. In both worlds beyond those event horizons, light cannot escape. And yet the proton has a magnetic pole, through which it emits magnetic flows, equivalent to the dark energy, we shall see, black holes emit through its poles.
In other words, protons are self-similar to cosmological black holes in the quantum scale. And black holes are probably made of strings, gluons, and quarks as protons are. They should be therefore frozen quark stars, of the only variety of quarks which is positively charged, which happens to be also the densest of all quarks, the top quark, whose parameters as a condensate coincide with those of a cosmological black hole. And so, if a black hole is a top quark star, positively charged, the “self-similar proton” of a galactic atom, CERN will make them.
To notice those results, the first theoretical deduction of Q, departing from G and the enormous simplification of the parameters of the electron radius till arriving to the same expression that a black hole radius cannot be by chance. They are mathematical deductions, one of the three the standard forms of proof in science.
For a century, quantum cosmology has tried to obtain this unification, departing from quantum laws. Yet it can be obtained, departing from the gravitational equations of a vortex of space-time. Coulomb already hints at this fact when he decided to use a self-similar formula to that of Newton to describe a charge. What Einstein did was to refine those measures with the concept of simultaneous, present time and the use of the non-Euclidean Ricci tensor/flow, which is a more sophisticated, detailed picture of that curved vortex of space-time. He, we might say, applied a mathematical method that allows to take a series of still photographs of the vortex with enormous accuracy, but the complexity of his calculus hid the unification equation for a century. So it is evident that we are observing the same geometric vortex at different scales, explained with two different historic jargons.
So indeed, the Universe is a fractal of space-time, with two self-similar membranes. This opens an entire new field of physics, not quantum gravity, the description of cosmology with quantum laws, which is proved false, but fractal relativity, the description of the quantum world as a self-similar membrane to that of the cosmological world.
But in what it concerns this book, the most interesting finding under the new U (q) value of the electromagnetic constant is the discovery that the proton horizon shows the same equation as that of a black hole, a Schwarzschild horizon. It means that a quark condensate is a black hole state and vice versa: a cosmological black hole is a deconfined state of billions of top quarks, a top quark star.
Now, the mathematical treatment of the equivalence principle to unify masses and charges can be done with the simplest descriptions of a vortex created by Newton and Poisson or with the more complex Riemannian geometries of Einstein. The general error of physicists and the obvious reason why this equation has not been found is precisely their rejection of the simplest mathematics of Newton and Poisson, which made the unification exceedingly difficult. Yet there was a second reason: the use of a single arrow energy. So Einstein tried to unify cyclical vortices of mass and lineal electromagnetism (Maxwell’s equations) because he didn’t realize that he had to unify information and information (charges and masses) on one side and lineal forces with lineal forces (gravitational waves and electromagnetic waves), which has been done with the self-similar equations of gravito-magnetism.
Thus, in a universe of multiple fractal space-times, each one with a different content of spatial speed and informative density defined by a different G, electromagnetism and gravitation are merely two types of vortices with different sizes, hence different contents of space and time, which translates into different universal constants.
Consequences of the fractal unification of charges and masses
We obtained theoretically, for the first time, the value of Q from G; always obtained through the experimental method, the three legs of the scientific method are met in the fractal unification equation:
- Logic consistence. The Universe is a fractal of multiple space-times, self-similar in structure.
- Mathematical accuracy. The same vortex of space-time allows calculating theoretically the values of those vortices.
- Experimental proof. The experimental calculation of Q coincides with the theoretical value, which has a probability to happen of less than 1 in a trillion, if this coincidence were by chance and not because the Universe is indeed a fractal of self-similar scales and charges are gravitational, quantum vortices.
Because no other approach has yielded a consistent, experimental logic and mathematical unification, it is obvious that a charge is a self-similar (but not equal) membrane of space-time.
Further on, quarks are defined by a third type of force or vortex of space/time, which is even smaller in space and faster in time, the bidimensional strong force. And its cosmological equivalent, bidimensional black holes, seem to be similar in properties and morphology. Thus, we can also relate with the same principle of equivalence the strong force and gravitational force. We already showed the Bohr radius to be a Schwarzschild radius, and since astronomers study the stars around galactic black holes as electronic nebulae and have found that the central black hole is actually a swarm of them, as a quark is actually a fractal of gluons, the self-similarities keep growing.
In our analysis of the errors of truth of science, we considered the hyperbolic error the most common among human beings. Now we can apply it to the real structure of the Universe and its different membranes of space-time. We exist only in one of those membranes, the membrane of light space-time, which is Euclidean in form, whose space dimensions are given by the three lineal perpendicular fields of light.
And yet physicists think Einstein’s special relativity, which studies our local, fractal membrane of space-time (the membrane of Euclidean light-space and its entire evolved electroweak species that inhabit that space), found a tautology. Since we exist in that “light medium,” the speed of light c is the limit of speed of our world. Yet he thought c was the limit of speed of all the systems and sizes of the Universe.
Indeed, imagine that you exist in a war medium. If you flow with the water, you will not be able to go faster than the water. Because we float, so to speak, in light, the space-time of the galaxy, we can’t go further than light.
But we have observed beyond the galactic light space, intergalactic, dark, gravitational space with z=10 c speeds. This is in fractal space/time theory, with its decametric, multiple membranes of space-time, the limit of speed of the bigger cosmological world of dark/gravitational energy and quark/black holes. But scientists have invented an enormous number of ad hoc solutions to deny that in the bigger world of galaxies that float in that dark world, speed is faster.
Enough to say that the symmetry is based on what we call the paradox of Galileo, the fact that all what we observe can be seen as a fixed form or a moving one, like the Saturn’s rings mentioned before. When we see a mass as a motion, it is a vortex; when we see it as a fixed form, it is a particle. When we see a force as a motion, it is energy; when we see it fixed, it is space.
The classic example is given in cosmology: are the galaxies that are moving at z=10 c moving at ten times the speed of light, or is space creating distance, expanding? In the appendix, we shall deal with that theme when we study in depth the meaning of the big bang.
In this appendix, dedicated to the physical Universe, we have now to consider the fundamental symmetry of the Universe between lineal forces of space and cyclical, informative particles of time.
The Complementary Principle (The Bidimensional Holographies of the Universe)
the Universe has two membranes of space-time, the quantum world of charges and the cosmological world of masses, and its two essential forms, the gravitational and electromagnetic lineal forces of energy and its cyclical vortices of information, and the thirdelement, mixture of both. Since fractal pieces of energy/space and fractal pieces of time/information mix together into wave of space-time, the real, complementary beings of the Universe. In essence, the real Universe in which we exist, with its four dimensions is a holography of two bidimensional, pure forms, the vortex or clock of information and the plane of lineal flows of energy. The simplest topology that combines those two forms is a perpendicular field of high information as the screen of this computer and a surface of flat energy (in the computer, the keyboard that transforms the energy of my fingers into information). In the appendix, we shall consider a more sophisticated version of those holographies, introducing the three canonical topologies of a four-dimensional Universe, and how they combine into the real, complex shapes of physical and biological beings. Now that we are concerned with the understanding of the principles of those real holographies, we shall consider the simplest of all entities of space-time: a ray of light. Its simplicity is revealing of the simplest structure of a holography of energy and information. The magnetic, flat field supports the frequency of an electric field that creates the Information of the wave. And the result is an H-Planck unit off our light membrane. We are made of evolved fractal H-Plancks, the “planckton” or atomic units of our space-time. And that “planckton” is a wave with minimal form encoded in the frequency of the light and minimal space, supported in the magnetic field. From this simple initial unit of space-time, our Universe builds itself. “And God said, there is light; and he separated the day from the night” means indeed in metaphoric terms that we are all made of light. And yet the same game happens in the world of dark matter, also made of bits and bytes of gravitational information and energy. Then once we understand those two membranes and its “doors” and “limits,” we can start to construct the real Universe.
11. The Meaning of Fractal Space/Energy and Fractal Information/Clocks of Time
We now have enough understanding of the mathematical structure of fractal beings as networks of self-similar cells/points with a content of lineal energy and cyclical information to understand what we mean by a Universe made of fractal space and fractal time. The simplest one of those beings in our Universe is the drawing we made of an electromagnetic field. This entity defined by Planck as H, an action of energy and time, has two fields, one of magnetic energy and one of electric form. Yet it is also a piece of fractal space-time that occupies a space and has a clock/frequency rhythm. We are all made of evolved pieces of light, which is absorbed and evolved into electrons, which are the electroweak substance of which reality is made. And when we put together all those pieces of reality, the medium of light-space in which we exist and all the evolved beings of light, we get the Universe. Imagine a sea of water where the medium is water and the pieces that swim on it are indeed evolved forms of water (we have 90 percent of water in our bodies). All together form the ocean. The ocean is not an “abstract” space-time Cartesian coordinates. In essence, any fractal space-time can be defined as a medium of formless space, made of a network of simple bites of energy, inhabited by more complex informative beings. And each of those beings can also be modeled by the complementarity principle with two elements—a body of spatial, energetic cells/points and a head or particle made with a network of fractal cycles of information.
Even the simplest particles, quarks, are made of networks of smaller particles called gluons while electrons are nebulae of smaller particles, ultradense photons, shown in the most recent pictures of electrons, which seem as a bundle of curved light rays. The topology and structure of those organic networks might vary, but all comes to the same shapes: force and lines of energy create the vital spaces of reality, and cycles and clocks of information create the clocks of time of the Universe.
A fractal is a system of self-similar cells generated by a feed-back equation that transforms energy into information. This complex definition of a fractal being can be made more precise when we understand the meaning of the generator equation of a fractal in the real world, beyond the language of mathematics. Any informative code can be a generator equation of a fractal being. A human fractal is generated by the code of information of the genome; a mathematical fractal is generated by a much simpler equation. The Universe and all its systems are in that sense fractals with different generating equations of different complexities. Yet what unify them all are the two “essential” geometries that combine to paint the four-dimensional fractal beings of the Universe, spatial energy and temporal information. And this is what fractal theorists9 mean by a Universe made of fractal energy and information.
In simple mathematical terms, if we call energy e and information I, we can then write the generator equation of all the fractal beings of the Universe as a feed-back cycle that transforms energy into information back and forth, generating all its space-times. And that fractal equation is nothing else than the principle of conservation of energy and information quoted before in this book:
All what exists is a fractal being that transforms back and forth energy into information: SEóPTi.
We don’t need to go in this book in complex mathematical analysis, as we are interested in explaining the simplest fractal networks of quarks that form black holes and quark stars. Notice though the difference of the two mathematical symbols of the previous equation: The symbol that gathers together space particles is a sum, which means that space particles form “waves,” loosely organized that move around a field of energy in which they feed. The symbol used for informative particles is a multiplication symbol, which means informative particles form networks, “knots.” For example, in a neuronal network, each particle is fixed and connected to many other particles. The result is that a network of informative cells can form a “mirror,” which can reflect an “image” that “gauges” reality into a language and so it can create a “mind.” The result indeed is that herds of lineal, moving particles “absorb” energy and move, and knots of cyclical information, gauge and perceive.
Further on, knots can be broken in their connections so Ti networks can become herds of energy by losing its “connective dimension” and vice versa.
When mathematics evolved, those symbols evolved. So instead of sums and multiplications, modern physics use differential and integral equations to describe energy and information; and then in the twentieth century, we use fractal equations for information or chaotic equations for entropy.
All this is a more complex view needed to explain the behavior of electronic nebulae that sometimes act as a network (and indeed your mind is basically a mirror image made with electronic nebulae) and sometimes as a wave-flow. This is the ultimate meaning of duality. So all can exist in two states in many different scales: masses or charges or clocks or heads are all species of information, but they swim over a field or body of energy and sometimes gauge information and sometimes move. What then creates the stability of the Universe? A fundamental law of the Universe called invariance of its motions, forms, and scales.
The three invariances of the Universe are the invariance of motion proved by Einstein, the invariance of scale proved by Nottale, and the invariance of form proved by Sancho. They are the three principles that hold together and explain the self-similarity of all the species of the Universe. In other words, while there are infinite different species of energy and information, their “shapes” are invariant in any scale and their motions (perception of shape as movement) are also invariant.
Unfortunately, physicists only use invariance of motion and so they cannot understand how fractal quarks will create black holes and quarks stars at CERN, as they emerge with the same vortex form in the cosmological scale. This invariance again is an evolutionary, natural trait that maximizes survival.
In the graph, informative clocks of time are cyclical and surfaces of energy are lineal to maximize their functions: informative systems resemble a spiral or sphere since those geometries store maximum information in minimum space, accumulating its cycles/cells in the informative dimension of height, from black holes to heads and nervous systems. Bites and bodies of energy resemble the line or plane since that opposite geometrical form covers the shortest distance between two points, the maximum extension with minimum volume, accumulated in the width dimension as space. In the graph, in biological and morphological terms, we can easily recognize the bodies and heads of humans, animals, or machines because they have a clear morphology, which corresponds to that of generic energy and information. Energy is lineal because the line is the shortest distance between two points and so it is also the fastest energetic movement. Information has cyclical forms because cycles store maximal information in minimal space. For example, a human body and a machine body, a weapon, should not have anything in common, but if we observe the morphology of both, it is clear those morphologies correspond to the generic morphology of all energies: they are big, lineal systems that move in space. So our limbs are lines extended in space like the missile. On the other hand, our eyes and brains are smaller and cyclical like the cameras and chips that act as information organs in machines. And those chips order bodies of metal with digital information.
12. Dimensional Form Becomes Speed: Creation and Destruction in the Organic Universe
The equivalence principle establishes a Universe with two limits of eternal movement: a lineal speed of gravitational and electromagnetic forces and a cyclical speed of masses and charges, which are vortices of space-time. Energetic forces create space, and vortices are clocks of time that carry information, eternally transforming into each other in self-similar events:
Σ spatial forces (lineal movements)ó Ti (cyclical clocks of information).
The sums of all those events maintain an eternal dynamic balance of cycles and lines.
Yet since lines have one dimension less than a clock cycle, the process can be also perceived as a game of creation and destruction of dimensions of form. In the graph, a three-dimensional slow nebulae accelerates its motion as it becomes a bidimensional vortex of faster, more attractive mass. Such transformation is common both in the cosmological world as stars become black holes and the quantum world in big crunches when electrons become quarks. It might be the transformation that the Earth experiences if CERN succeeds making a quark star.
There are two concepts that do not appear in classic physics but are essential in understanding how the universe converts energy into information (motion into form): the paradox of Galileo, which allow us to describe those processes as “frozen pictures,” which is the informative point of view, or as changes in the speed or motion of things.
The graph shows the two events combined: when a system acquires forms, it slows down. When a system loses dimensions, it speeds up. Yet to understand this essential process, we must first clarify an error made by physicists who do not use the concept of dimensional form to define “information” but the algebraic “data” concept of a “bit of information.”
Fractal information is related to dimensional form while algebraic information is the simplest dimensional form: bits of broken patterns emitted by waves, which encode those patterns in the distances between the crests or frequency of the wave. But those patterns are the “minimal” pattern of information of the Universe. In that regard, the capacity to store information of any system follows a power law:
Information » X Fractal dimensions of the system
Yet in the same way, physicists have reduced all the arrows of time, previously defined to a single energetic arrow measured by a single “clock-time”; they have reduced all the forms of information to a single broken frequency pattern. Biology, a more sophisticated science of information, today is able to study how molecules and proteins store information in several dimensions; and that previous law can be deduced of biological studies. Yet physicists have not gone beyond the simplest one-dimensional information of lineal waves. They have not even discovered that mass stores much more information than waves in physical bidimensional vortices.
In duality, we study both sciences, physics and biology, and we can compare and use laws of both sciences to find self-similar laws in the other discipline. In that sense, Shannon’s standard definition of information is a computer-based definition, of technological science, useful to store information in numbers, with a limited application to the understanding of the universe, which stores information in four dimensions in very complex patterns and enormous volumes. Information is in that broader Universe form, in/form/ation. The simplest information is the one-dimensional broken bits of data that divide a line of energy into a pattern. This is what a computer does and what a physicist would understand as information. But in nature, a more precise concept is that of fractalization. Information increases when a continuous flow of energy breaks into patterns and acquires dimensions, bumps and points.
The arrow of information is a transformation of a surface of space, of energy into inner form: a change from lineal, chaotic movement into cyclical, repetitive one; from expansive waves into imploding particles; from disordered, equalized forces of indistinguishable forms extending in space into an ordered hierarchical system of nonlineal mass vortices. Its inverse function is the explosion of energy, the dissolution of form, the arrow of death.
Though physics recognizes the inverse arrow of entropy as negantropy—that is, the negation of entropy—it is long overdue to name it properly as form that crystallizes and organizes chaotic lineal energy into cyclical, repetitive patterns of in-form-ation.
Indeed, Mehaute10 and other theorists have proved ad nauseam that when a system stops creating energy, entropy, it keeps the arrows of future flowing, creating information, fractal patterns of form—the future never stops. This also applies to physics in the way form becomes motion and motion becomes form.
The unification equation relates the different scales/membranes of space-time. Yet for each membrane and particle, we must clarify a final concept, the meaning of dimensions of information and how they disappear, converted into speed and energy or appear as motion and energy slows down, creating form. In the Universe, there are multiple physical species of different fractal non-Euclidean dimensions.
The new mathematics of complex physics means though that a flat plane of two dimensions has a minimal height as each of its points of the flat network is in itself a world of a smaller scale. Thus, a flat vortex of mass, a bidimensional quark, has smaller gluons and strings, which have smaller dimensions. For that reason, there is equivalence between different mathematical descriptions in different dimensions. A fifth-dimensional description of strings is equivalent to a four-dimensional description of quarks, which is equivalent to a three-dimensional description of an electronic atom, and so on. It is a general law that all systems of physical mass pack energy in fractal dimensions of form:
strings (one-dimensional dark energy in a 5-D Universe) -> bidimensional quarks and gluons in a 4-D world -> three-dimensional electrons
This translates sometimes into different equations for a physical vortex and different power laws and relationships between masses (the static, formal, dimensional perception of a vortex) and speeds (its perception as pure motion). For example, Vo × Ro = K is a bidimensional vortex, which we used to explain in its simplest terms the equivalence principle.
However, the unification equation of charges and cosmological masses happens in a three-dimensional world. So we used a three-dimensional vortex equation, U.C. × M = w2 × r3, which is the vortex used to unify the three-dimensional worlds of cosmological bodies and electronic matter we perceive.
Finally, in the next chapter, when we compare the two families of quarks, top quark particles and strange quark particles, the relationship between their rotational speed and masses follows a three-dimensional power law (w3 = M). So the world of top quark particles turn at 10 c-speed but it has 1,000 times the mass of the world of strange quark particles that turn at a maximum of c-speed, which obviously means that the world of top quarks has one dimension more than the world of strange quarks. This is further proved by the famous Maldacena conjecture, which studies top quark black holes as five-dimensional string systems, self-similar to four-dimensional quark gluon soups.
We are more interested in explaining the concept illustrated in the graph: how our slower three-dimensional electronic world will accelerate, acquiring energy/speed and losing a fractal dimension of form, when it becomes transformed into a strange quark condensate since transformations of energy into information take place by warping and unwarping dimensions of form into speed.
A basic case observed in all scales is represented by the previous graph, taken from a SciAm article about the formation of galactic disks, which we used to illustrate the creation of a quark by the crunching of electronic nebulae of three dimensions. The slow rotation of the electron becomes a bidimensional faster quark system. The same process gives birth to a black hole in the cosmological realm, when the nebulae of a star or the gas of a galaxy collapses into a black hole.
All this means, of course, that dimensions are “fractal,” limited dimensions, which never extend to infinity but to the limits of a certain entity of the Universe. Thus, the creation of fractal dimensions of information or its transformation into speed is one of the commonest events of the Universe and at the same time one of the many details of the generator equation of space-time:
energy = speed ó information = fractal dimension
In the case we study in this book, we can consider a simple dimensional game by which slow three-dimensional electrons become faster bidimensional quark masses. There is a simple proof of the bidimensionality of our up and down quarks: quarks have one-third or two-thirds of the charge/dimensionality of electrons and so we need three quarks with perpendicular orientations called colors to form a three-dimensional quark structure able to interact with our three-dimensional electrons.
Further on, we must add the interaction of two different mediums and forces, the strong gravitational force of quarks and the electroweak force of electrons. This means that quarks “suck in” electrons, trying to absorb them, to feed on them, so they have implosive, strong gravitational forces, while electrons try to suck in quarks with its electromagnetic force, reason why we use a negative, implosive, absorbing direction for electronic charges.
In other words, quarks use its force to attract and steal momentum from electrons, and electrons use its electromagnetic force to attract and absorb momentum for quarks.
Those are the simplest visual concepts, to understand the interactions of those membranes. Obviously when we enter into topological details, the forms, dimensions, and charges of each of those elements become far more complex. And yet because that simple vision departs from sound principles, it is far more telling of the structure and interactions that take place inside an atom than the ideas about mass sponsored by quantum physicists, departing from the absurd Higgs theory.
Duality: The 4 arrows/dimensions of space-time.
In the Universe there are infinite times=changes, one for each ‘species’ that undergoes a change process, the meaning of the word ‘time’. Those types of changes are the so-called arrows of time, which all beings of the Universe follow in their life and death cycles. The main of those arrows is the arrow of ‘relative future’ or life aging that creates information. We are made of ‘yang’, vital energy, which time curves into ‘information’, yin, back and forth in the cycles of life (growth of form, or aging) and death (loss of it). Yet the simplification of all those arrows and cycles of time into a single clock-cycle blurred the understanding of biological time and life-death cycles. Clocks became ever since the ‘seers of time’ of our culture. And organicism faded away, while a simpler, mechanist philosophy of reality imposed its idolatry to clocks, today evolved into computers that render the verbal mind of man obsolete.
It is a fact of history that humans first discover machines and then invent theories of reality that adapt to them and become dogma. But they never recognize the influence of those machines and the bias they introduce in their perception of the Universe. Of all the ideologies of our mechanist world none is stronger than the ideology of the time-clock, which appeared with the invention of mechanical clocks and has fogged, ever since, our comprehension of the Universe. The idea brought about by the discovery of the clock is that time, the perception of change in the Universe, can only be understood with ‘mechanical clocks’; and so, as Time is only ‘one’, because those first scientists used only one ‘clock-rhythm’ to measure it. This absurd belief in a single time for all the Universe dates back to the use of clocks by Galileo and Descartes and subsists, even a century after Einstein proved that different regions of the Universe have different rhythms of time=change. We didn’t need, however, to wait 400 years to the arrival of General Relativity to understand the obvious - that each species and organism of the Universe has its own biological rhythms of time, oflife and death, of creation and extinction, of information and energy.
All theories of science about time depart from the first scientist of History, discoverer of the experimental method, Aristotle, who also defined the blueprint of a Time Theory that still stands as the origin of all other scientific philosophies of time. Aristotle defined time as change and so he affirmed that a theory of time should be a theory of change. Then he proposed, as Eastern philosophers did, 2 arrows, wills or substances in the Universe, information and energy, responsible for the 2 types of ‘times’=changes science studies. His wording, though, was somehow more complex. He called the arrow of temporal information, morphological, informative change, which happens in the processes of aging, death and evolution. And he called the arrow of temporal energy, translational change or change in movement and energy, which happens mainly in the physical realm. Thus, he divided the study of times in 2 different sciences, Biology, the science of form, of in-form-ation and Physics, the science of energy and matter. In the modern age, those 2 types of times-changes would be studied by Darwin in Biology and Galileo and Einstein in Physics. They added a new language, mathematics, to calculate with more precision those times= changes; and a new type of device, a machine, called the clock that would measure the rhythm of those times = changes.
The myth that time is what a clock measures.
However, physicists were only able to mathematize one of both arrows: energy, expansive movement in space, which they called ‘entropy’. Because physicists ignore all what they cannot mathematize, this lead them to ignore the 2nd arrow of time, in-form-ation. Further on, they studied all types of changes with a single rhythm of change; that of a mechanical clock. Thus, soon a ‘mechanical bias’ was introduced in physical time studies: all the times=changes of the Universe became equalized with one specific ‘time’, the time of the clock. Soon the existence of multiple times=changes was forgotten and the concept of a single artificial time=change in the universe – that of the clock – became standard. So Times were reduced to ‘Time’ and an absurd idea was born: there is only a single time in the Universe; that of the clock; and a single arrow of future time – energy and movement, mathematized as entropy. This is what philosophers of science, which are not constrained by the ‘straightjacket’ of clocks, the single language of mathematics and the worldly profession of making weapons, have for very long denounced as an aberration of physics, called reductionism, or ‘lineal clock-time’. But science is technology and technology is power. So hand in hand with the development of ‘lineal time’, physicists evolved ‘lineal weapons’ that release energy and kill the information of life. Since life was now secondary, this ‘collateral effect’ of modeling a dying Universe built only with energy, was no longer a moral question.
The Industrial revolution and the expansion of the white man’s empires, based in the energy of steam machines, consecrated those ideas. Entropy, defined in terms of heat and steam, became the glorifying principle of reality; while life and information, the weak element, could be ignored, because physicists had killed ‘theoretically’ the Universe. Philosophers again talked of the ‘spatialization’ of time, which was now dependant of energy and movement. In mathematical terms, it all comes to Galileo’s a formula to measure the changes=times of motion, through the use of mechanical clocks, in which time appeared only as a dimension of speed and space: V=s/t, t=v/s. So the second arrow of future, the evolution of information, the arrow of life and its cycles, was forgotten. And when Einstein improved on that formula, adding a –ct factor (related to the speed of light), the absurd concept that time is ‘only’ the 4th dimension of (motion in) space, became dogma. And so today, physicists consider that Darwin was irrelevant to time theory; that Aristotle was irrelevant to time theory; that Time doesn’t happen in History; that the cycle of life and death is irrelevant.
This of course is false. In fact, it would be Einstein, the first person to mathematize properly the arrow of biological time, described by Aristotle and Darwin, when he discovered a formula e x t = K, which states that the product of energy and time frequency (synonymous of in-form-ation), of any system is constant. What that equation meant was however not fully understood till we, Complexity scientists, refounded the science of Duality, with models of the Universe that use, unlike physics which works only with the arrow of energy/entropy, both arrows of time, information and energy… What Duality found is that by using both arrows together, most of the questions not responded by physics and biology alone could be solved. The more important of those questions was the life and death cycle, which Einstein’s equation explained perfectly. And we shall now consider here, as I have applied it extensively to different sciences, including the understanding of history and the ages of its civilizations.
So we need to return to a more sophisticated theory of ‘times’, which fusions the work of Einstein’s Relativity and Darwin’s Evolution, the modern fathers of time theory in Physics and Biology. And the key to such advance in time theory is precisely to go beyond the mechanist concept of ‘time is what a clock measures’ and return to the pre-clock, verbal, biological understanding of time, as the ‘modes of changes’ of the energy and information of the Universe – the 2 elements of reality. Since time is theperception of those modes of change in the Universe, which can be observed with any type of ‘informative and energetic devices’not only with clocks.
Times, as they were always understood before we narrowed the concept to the rhythms of the clock, are the different processes of change of the energy or ‘yang’ and information or ‘yin’ we observe in the Universe. And we can classify all those processes with the 2 x 2 arrows of time-change, as mere increases or decreases of energy or information, or as complex combinations of both:
— There are simple processes in time that increase or decrease the energy or entropy of the system, creating the arrow of entropy, the only one ‘monist’, ‘mechanist’ science recognizes, since it is the only arrow their mechanic clocks can measure, as their spiralmechanism uncoils its form into energy. It is also the arrow of death, as death is a simplification of the information of life, which energy destroys.
— There are simples processes in time that increase or decrease the information of the system, such as aging, or evolution and so they create the arrow of information or negantropy (opposed to entropy), of the Universe, which is the ‘arrow of future’, as we all age with time and so we acquire more form, ‘more in-form-ation’. Or in words of Einstein: ‘Time curves, forms space’. This obviously means that energy simplifies information and it is therefore the arrow of relative ‘past’ of all beings, to which they return when they are devolved in the process of death. And so these 2 simple processes are related: species that diminish in energy normally are increasing their information and vice versa, species that decrease information increase energy.
— There are complex processes that repeat or reproduce a system, making reality to seem eternal. It is the arrow of ‘relative present’, or reproduction which repeats and combines energy and information in other place of space-time.
— And finally, there are complex processes that evolve socially individual cells into super-organisms by attaching them to complex networks of energy, which are ‘blood or economical system’ in the organisms of man and history and networks of information, networks of which are ‘nervous or financial/legal systems’ in the organisms of man and history. Networks of energy and information, normally made of a different ‘kind of cells’, evolve individuals into social structures, that create most of the complex forms we see around us, from cells to societies. It is the arrow of social evolution and love, explained by classic religions, which in System sciences we call the arrow of ‘Emergence’, as it makes emerge from individual parts, the whole: full-grown organisms. So it creates galaxies with stars, molecules with atoms, cells with molecules and societies with human beings.
